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Understanding the influence of these legacy mines on culturally and ecologically important downstream ecosystems is not always straightforward because of elevated natural levels of mineralization in mining-impacted watersheds. To test the ecological effects of historic mining in the headwaters of the upper Salmon River watershed in Idaho (USA), we measured multiple community and chemical endpoints in downstream linked aquatic\u2013terrestrial food webs. Mining inputs impacted downstream food webs through increased mercury accumulation and decreased insect biodiversity. Total mercury (THg) in seston, aquatic insect larvae, adult aquatic insects, riparian spiders, and fish at sites up to 7.6\u2009km downstream of mining was found at much higher concentrations (1.3\u201311.3-fold) and was isotopically distinct compared with sites immediately upstream of mining inputs. Methylmercury concentrations in bull trout and riparian spiders were sufficiently high (732\u2013918 and 347\u20131140\u2009ng\u2009MeHg\u2009g\u22121\u2009dry\u2009wt, respectively) to affect humans, birds, and piscivorous fish. Furthermore, the alpha-diversity of benthic insects was locally depressed by 12%\u201320% within 4.3\u20135.7\u2009km downstream from the mine. However, because total insect biomass was not affected by mine inputs, the mass of mercury in benthic insects at a site (i.e., ng\u2009Hg\u2009m\u22122) was extremely elevated downstream (10\u20131778-fold) compared with directly upstream of mining inputs. Downstream adult aquatic insect\u2013mediated fluxes of THg were also high (~16\u2009ng\u2009THg\u2009m\u22122\u2009day\u22121). Abandoned mines can have ecologically important effects on downstream communities, including reduced biodiversity and increased mercury flux to higher order consumers, including fish, birds, and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1696\u20131710. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T13:01:14Z","timestamp":1649682074000},"page":"1696-1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Increased Mercury and Reduced Insect Diversity in Linked Stream\u2013Riparian Food Webs Downstream of a Historical Mercury Mine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Kraus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Environmental Research Center US Geological Survey Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn M.","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, US Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Pribil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, US Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben N.","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, US Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, Denver Field Station, US Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny L.","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, US Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Environmental Protection Agency Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.071","article-title":"Avian mercury exposure and toxicological risk across western North America: A synthesis","volume":"568","author":"Ackerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-010-9482-9","article-title":"Effects of mercury on growth, emergence, and behavior of Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae)","volume":"59","author":"Azevedo-Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2004.01328.x","article-title":"Tangled webs: Reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones","volume":"50","author":"Baxter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Freshwater Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0004","first-page":"299","article-title":"Benthic invertebrate metals exposure, accumulation, and community-level effects downstream from a hard-rock mine site","volume":"18","author":"Beltman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2307\/1468447","article-title":"Length-mass relationships for freshwater macroinvertebrates in North America with particular reference to the Southeastern United States","volume":"18","author":"Benke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00283-0","article-title":"Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: A general review","volume":"40","author":"Boening","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/02705060.2016.1217944","article-title":"Low-cost floating emergence net and bottle trap: Comparison of two designs","volume":"31","author":"Cadmus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025010313393935200_etc5342-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1021\/es8027567","article-title":"Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems. 3. 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