{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:35:25Z","timestamp":1792467325513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":415,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Copper-containing fungicides have been used in agriculture since 1885. The divalent copper ion is a nonbiodegradable multisite inhibitor that has a strictly protective, nonsystemic effect on plants. Copper-containing plant protection products currently approved in Germany contain copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide, and tribasic copper sulfate. Copper is primarily used to control oomycete pathogens in grapevine, hop, potato, and fungal diseases in fruit production. In the environment, copper is highly persistent and toxic to nontarget organisms. The latter applies for terrestric and aquatic organisms such as earthworms, insects, birds, fish, Daphnia, and algae. Hence, copper fungicides are currently classified in the European Union as candidates for substitution. Pertinently, copper also exhibits significant mammalian toxicity (median lethal dose oral\u2009=\u2009300\u20132500\u2009mg\/kg body wt in rats). To date, organic production still profoundly relies on the use of copper fungicides. Attempts to reduce doses of copper applications and the search for copper substitutes have not been successful. Copper compounds compared with modern synthetic fungicides with similar areas of use display significantly higher risks for honey bees (3- to 20-fold), beneficial insects (6- to 2000-fold), birds (2- to 13-fold), and mammals (up to 17-fold). These data contradict current views that crop protection in organic farming is associated with lower environmental or health risks. Further limitations in the range and use of modern single-site fungicides may force conventional production to fill the gaps with copper fungicides to counteract fungicide resistance. In contrast to the European Union Green Deal goals, the intended expansion of organic farming in Europe would further enhance the use of copper fungicides and hence increase the overall risks of chemical crop protection in Europe. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:19\u201330. \u00a9 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T08:44:47Z","timestamp":1697618687000},"page":"19-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Further Limitations of Synthetic Fungicide Use and Expansion of Organic Agriculture in Europe Will Increase the Environmental and Health Risks of Chemical Crop Protection Caused by Copper-Containing Fungicides"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1926-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin C.","family":"Burandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, Division of Crop Biodiversity and Breeding Informatics University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Plant Protection Georg-August-University G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger B.","family":"Deising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences Division of Phytopathology and Crop Protection; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"von Tiedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Plant Protection Georg-August-University G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx465","article-title":"Trace metal metabolism in plants","volume":"69","author":"Andresen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0002","author":"Andrivon","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269915X04001090","article-title":"Alexis Millardet: France's forgotten mycologist","volume":"18","author":"Ayres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologist"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1897\/02-428","article-title":"Sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon: Impacts on nonoverlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Baldwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.268","article-title":"Copper distribution in European topsoils: An assessment based on LUCAS soil survey","volume":"636","author":"Ballabio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010313374786200_etc5766-bib-0006","volume-title":"Kupfer als Pflanzenschutzmittel - 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