{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:37:44Z","timestamp":1777588664169,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]],"date-time":"2011-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cyclotides are bioactive, stable mini-proteins produced in high amounts in Violaceae and Rubiaceae with promising pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Environmental issues must be addressed before large-scale plant cultivation of cyclotides for pharmaceutical or pesticidal purposes can commence. The objective of the present study was to investigate sorption of the cyclotide kalata B2 (kB2), because knowledge of cyclotide biogeochemistry will aid our understanding of environmental fate. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient was determined to be 2.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 (log\u2009KOW\u2009=\u20090.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1). Sorption of kB2 by montmorillonite, goethite, and humic acid was investigated at different concentrations and under varying acidity and reached equilibrium within minutes. The kB2 sorption at a solution concentration of 0.2\u2009mg\/L to montmorillonite was high (120\u2009mg\/g) compared to humic acid (0.60\u2009mg\/g) and goethite (0.03\u2009mg\/g). Kalata B2 intercalated the interlayer space of montmorillonite. The sorption isotherm for humic acid was linear up to a solution concentration of 0.8\u2009mg\/L and concave for montmorillonite and goethite up to an equilibrium solution concentration of 1.5\u2009mg\/L. Sorption to goethite was unaffected by pH, but sorption to montmorillonite and humic acid at pH near the isoelectric point (pI) was threefold the sorption when pH\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009the isoelectric point, suggesting that electrostatic interaction\/repulsion between kB2 and sorbents play an important role. The strong sorption to montmorillonite reduces exposure to below toxic threshold values. In addition, the transport risk of soluble cyclotides is reduced, but particle-bound cyclotides may be transported to recipient aquatic sediments with the associated risk of adversely affecting sediment-dwelling organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. \u00a9 2011 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,17]],"date-time":"2011-05-17T14:51:33Z","timestamp":1305643893000},"page":"1785-1792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biomedicine in the environment: Sorption of the cyclotide kalata B2 to montmorillonite, goethite, and humic acid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Rikke Gleerup","family":"Ovesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Bruun Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5449-1_6","volume-title":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plant","author":"Schippmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400470","article-title":"Molecular farming for new drugs and vaccines \u2014 Current perspectives on the production of pharmaceuticals in transgenic plants","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1897\/08-153R.1","article-title":"Degradation and ecotoxicity of the biomedical drug artemisin in soil","volume":"28","author":"Jessing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2007.03.009","article-title":"Release of the recombinant proteins, human serum albumin, beta-glucuronidase, glycoprotein B from human cytornegalovirus, and green fluorescent protein, in root exudates from transgenic tobacco and their effects on microbes and enzymatic activities in soil","volume":"45","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00724.x","article-title":"Insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is released from roots of transgenic Bt corn in vitro and in situ","volume":"33","author":"Saxena","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-006-9046-2","article-title":"Soil minerals and humic acids alter enzyme stability: Implications for ecosystem processes","volume":"81","author":"Allison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(97)00147-8","article-title":"Insecticidal activity and biodegradation of the toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bound to humic acids from soil","volume":"30","author":"Crecchio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4683-2_16","volume-title":"Effect of Mineral-Organic-Microorganism Interactions on Soil and Freshwater Environments","author":"De Cristofaro","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2007.07.006","article-title":"Adsorption and binding of the transgenic plant proteins, human serum albumin, beta-glucuronidase, and Cry3Bb1, on montmorillonite and kaolinite: Microbial utilization and enzymatic activity of free and clay-bound proteins","volume":"39","author":"Fiorito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2007.00977.x","article-title":"Adsorption of the insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki by minerals: Effects of inorganic salts","volume":"59","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"2026020510074119000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1958.03615995002200030014x","article-title":"The adsorption and reactions of enzymes and proteins on clay minerals: IV. 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