{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:20:25Z","timestamp":1791526825781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":219,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Enviironment and Climate Change Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon-specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of \u2211SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The \u2211SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15\u2009ng\u2009g\u22121) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2\u2009ng\u2009g\u22121) and falcons (7.9\u2009ng\u2009g\u22121), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32\u2009ng\u2009g\u22121). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single-compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR-poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:988\u2013998. \u00a9 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1709128458000},"page":"988-998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Applied Animal Biology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Silverthorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon G.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Mineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pierre Mineau Consulting Salt Spring Island Canada"},{"name":"Biology Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario 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