{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:19:52Z","timestamp":1789035592620,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Matsumae International Foundation (MIF) Postdoctoral Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pesticides, especially the newly developed neonicotinoids, are increasingly used in many countries around the world, including Cameroon, to control pests involved in crop destruction or disease transmission. Unfortunately, the pesticides also pose tremendous environmental problems because a predominant amount of their residues enter environmental matrices to affect other nontargeted species including humans. This therefore calls for continuous biomonitoring of these insecticides in human populations. The present study sought to assess the neonicotinoid insecticide exposures in two agrarian regions of Cameroon, the South-West region and Littoral region. The study involved 188 men, including 125 farmers and 63 nonfarmers. Spot urine samples were obtained from these subjects and subjected to liquid chromatographic\u2013tandem mass spectrometric analysis for concentrations of neonicotinoid compounds, including acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, and N-dm-acetamiprid. Neonicotinoid compounds were detected in all study participants, and residues of all the screened pesticides were detected among participants. N-dm-Acetamiprid and imidacloprid were the most prevalent among the subjects (100.0% and 93.1%, respectively), whereas nitenpyram was less common (3.2%). The median values of imidacloprid and total urinary neonicotinoid concentrations were elevated among farmers (0.258 vs. 0.126\u2009\u00b5g\/L and 0.829 vs. 0.312\u2009\u00b5g\/L, respectively). Altogether the findings showed that both the farmer and nonfarmer study populations of Cameroon were exposed to multiple residues of neonicotinoids, with relatively higher levels of pesticides generally recorded among farmers. Although exposure levels of the neonicotinoids were generally lower than their respective reference doses, these results warrant further research on the health risk evaluation of multiple residues of the pesticides and reinforcement of control measures to minimize the exposure risks, especially among farmers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:952\u2013964. \u00a9 2024 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1711094684000},"page":"952-964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exposure of Male Farmers and Nonfarmers to Neonicotinoid Pesticides in the South-West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faustin Pascal Tsagu\u00e9","family":"Manfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Science, University of Buea Buea Cameroon"},{"name":"Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9115-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Nimako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center Hokkaido University Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard Akono","family":"Nantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Fusi","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Policap","family":"Chenwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidelis","family":"Cho-Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon"},{"name":"National Higher Polytechnic Institute University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Fewou","family":"Moundipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouta M. 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