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Multiple factors have been implicated in their global decline, and it has been hypothesized that interactions between stressors may be a major cause. Increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as a result of ozone depletion, has been identified as one such stressor. Exposure to UV radiation has been shown to have detrimental effects on amphibians and can exacerbate the effects of other stressors, such as chemical pollutants. Chemical pollution has likewise been recognized as a major factor contributing to amphibian declines, particularly, endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In this regard, 17\u03b2-trenbolone is a potent anabolic steroid used in the agricultural industry to increase muscle mass in cattle and has been repeatedly detected in the environment where amphibians live and breed. At high concentrations, 17\u03b2-trenbolone has been shown to impact amphibian survival and gonadal development. In the present study, we investigated the effects of environmentally realistic UV radiation and 17\u03b2-trenbolone exposure, both in isolation and in combination, on the morphology and behavior of tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). We found that neither stressor in isolation affected tadpoles, nor did we find any interactive effects. The results from our 17\u03b2-trenbolone treatment are consistent with recent research suggesting that, at environmentally realistic concentrations, tadpoles may be less vulnerable to this pollutant compared to other vertebrate classes. The absence of UV radiation\u2013induced effects found in the present study could be due to species-specific variation in susceptibility, as well as the dosage utilized. We suggest that future research should incorporate long-term studies with multiple stressors to accurately identify the threats to, and subsequent consequences for, amphibians under natural conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1615\u20131626. \u00a9 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T14:11:33Z","timestamp":1717596693000},"page":"1615-1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impacts of Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation and an Agricultural Pollutant on Morphology and Behavior of Tadpoles (<i>Limnodynastes tasmaniensis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Orford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bob B. 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