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The present study delves into the groundwater risk assessment of PCE with a novel focus on the sensitivity of stygobitic species\u2014organisms uniquely adapted to groundwater environments. Through a comparative analysis of the subchronic effects of PCE on the locomotion behavior of two copepod species, the stygobitic Moraria sp. and the nonstygobitic Bryocamptus zschokkei, we highlighted the inadequacy of the current European predicted-no-effect concentration of PCE for groundwater ecosystems. Our findings indicate significant behavioral impairments in both species at a concentration (32\u2009ng\/L PCE) well below the threshold deemed safe, suggesting that the current European guidelines for groundwater risk assessment may not adequately protect the unique biodiversity of groundwater habitats. Importantly, B. zschokkei demonstrated sensitivity to PCE comparable to or greater than that of the target stygobitic species, suggesting its utility as a substitute species in groundwater risk assessment. The present study adds to the limited research on the ecotoxicological sensitivity of groundwater species to PMT\/vPMT chemicals and highlights the need for refined groundwater risk-assessment methodologies that consider the susceptibilities of stygobitic species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2515\u20132527. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:29:41Z","timestamp":1724668181000},"page":"2515-2527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Subchronic Effects of Tetrachloroethylene on Two Freshwater Copepod Species: Implications for Groundwater Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mattia","family":"Di Cicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila , , L'Aquila , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agostina","family":"Tabilio Di Camillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2013Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET) , , Florence , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila , , L'Aquila , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Di Marzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Program Research in Ecotoxicology National University of Luj\u00e1n, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (PRIET-UNLU-CONICET) , , Luj\u00e1n , Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Program Research in Ecotoxicology National University of Luj\u00e1n, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (PRIET-UNLU-CONICET) , , Luj\u00e1n , Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Maria Paola","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila , , L'Aquila , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3103-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pieraccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre University of Florence , , Florence , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Galante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-SPIN, c\/o Department of Physical and Chemical Science University of L'Aquila , , L'Aquila , Italy"},{"name":"Gran Sasso National Laboratory, INFN , , L'Aquila , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila , , L'Aquila , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Di Censo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies \u201cG. 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