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However, information is lacking on the variations in sensitivity of organisms at different developmental stages to the neurotoxic neonicotinoids. We established a spectrum of toxicity to zebrafish embryos at four neurodevelopmental stages (1, 3, 6, and 8\u2009h post fertilization [hpf]) and dechorionated embryos at 6\u2009hpf based on external and internal exposure to imidacloprid as a representative neonicotinoid. Embryos at the gastrula stage (6 and 8\u2009hpf) were more sensitive to imidacloprid than embryos at earlier developmental stages. Dechorionated embryos were more sensitive to imidacloprid than embryos with a chorion, suggesting that the chorion offers protection against pollutants. Nine sublethal effects were induced by imidacloprid exposure, among which uninflated swim bladder (USB) was the most sensitive. Water depth and air availability in the exposure chambers were critical factors influencing the occurrence of USB in zebrafish larvae. Internal residues of metabolites accounted for &amp;lt;10% of imidacloprid, indicating that imidacloprid was metabolized in a limited fashion in the embryos. In addition, acute toxicity of the main metabolite 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid was significantly lower than that of imidacloprid, indicating that the observed toxicity in embryos exposed to imidacloprid was mainly induced by the parent compound. Our research offers a fresh perspective on choosing the initial exposure time in zebrafish embryo toxicity tests, particularly for neurotoxicants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2398\u20132408. \u00a9 2024 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Toxicity spectrum of imidacloprid to zebrafish embryos at multiple neurodevelopmental stages. USB\u2009=\u2009uninflated swim bladder; YSE\u2009=\u2009yolk sac edema; PE\u2009=\u2009pericardial edema; JM\u2009=\u2009jaw malformation; AP\u2009=\u2009atypical pigmentation; BM\u2009=\u2009brain malformation; PFM = pectoral fin malformation; LSM\u2009=\u2009lack of spontaneous movement; LTR\u2009=\u2009lack of touch response; LR50\u2009=\u2009median lethal tissue residue concentration; hpf\u2009=\u2009hours post fertilization; De\u2009=\u2009dechorionated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:29:54Z","timestamp":1724668194000},"page":"2398-2408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sensitivity Variations in Developmental Toxicity of Imidacloprid to Zebrafish Embryos at Different Neurodevelopmental Stages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Zewei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5200-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010615502712500_etc5986-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5165","article-title":"Species and life-stage sensitivity of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) to chemical exposure: A critical review","volume":"40","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2025010615502712500_etc5986-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07062","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of 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