{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:57:23Z","timestamp":1792411043854,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]],"date-time":"2011-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ecotoxicity tests were performed with fish, invertebrates, and algae to investigate the effect of water quality parameters on Mn toxicity. Models were developed to describe the effects of Mn as a function of water quality. Calcium (Ca) has a protective effect on Mn toxicity for both fish and invertebrates, and magnesium (Mg) also provides a protective effect for invertebrates. Protons have a protective effect on Mn toxicity to algae. The models derived are consistent with models of the toxicity of other metals to aquatic organisms in that divalent cations can act as competitors to Mn toxicity in fish and invertebrates, and protons act as competitors to Mn toxicity in algae. The selected models are able to predict Mn toxicity to the test organisms to within a factor of 2 in most cases. Under low-pH conditions invertebrates are the most sensitive taxa, and under high-pH conditions algae are most sensitive. The point at which algae become more sensitive than invertebrates depends on the Ca concentration and occurs at higher pH when Ca concentrations are low, because of the sensitivity of invertebrates under these conditions. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations have very little effect on the toxicity of Mn to aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2407\u20132415. \u00a9 2011 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,12]],"date-time":"2011-08-12T22:29:23Z","timestamp":1313188163000},"page":"2407-2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Development of biotic ligand models for chronic manganese toxicity to fish, invertebrates, and algae"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"wca environment, Brunel House, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lofts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Merrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Stubblefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keven","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Manganese Institute, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020510284999400_bib1","volume-title":"Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems","author":"Adams","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026020510284999400_bib2","author":"Zwolsman","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026020510284999400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(02)00112-6","article-title":"The biotic ligand model: A historical overview. 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