{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:14:31Z","timestamp":1791292471867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]],"date-time":"2009-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]],"date-time":"2009-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Concentrations of mercury (Hg) have increased slowly in landlocked Arctic char over a 10- to 15-year period in the Arctic. Fluxes of Hg to sediments also show increases in most Arctic lakes. Correlation of Hg with trophic level (TL) was used to investigate and compare biomagnification of Hg in food webs from lakes in the Canadian Arctic sampled from 2002 to 2007. Concentrations of Hg (total Hg and methylmercury [MeHg]) in food webs were compared across longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in relation to \u03b413C and \u03b415N in periphyton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and Arctic char of varying size-classes. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the food web in each lake and related to available physical and chemical characteristics of the lakes. The relative content of MeHg increased with trophic level from 4.3 to 12.2% in periphyton, 41 to 79% in zooplankton, 59 to 72% in insects, and 74 to 100% in juvenile and adult char. The \u03b413C signatures of adult char indicated coupling with benthic invertebrates. Cannibalism among char lengthened the food chain. Biomagnification was confirmed in all 18 lakes, with TMFs ranging from 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 to 64.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8. Results indicate that TMFs and food chain length (FCL) are key factors in explaining interlake variability in biomagnification of [Hg] among different lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:621\u2013632. \u00a9 2009 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]],"date-time":"2010-03-16T19:52:58Z","timestamp":1268769178000},"page":"621-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Mercury concentrations in landlocked Arctic char (<i>Salvelinus alpinus<\/i>) from the Canadian Arctic. Part I: Insights from trophic relationships in 18 lakes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Gantner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Iqaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamlet of Resolute Bay, Resolute Bay, Nunavut X0A 0V0 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Meili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Environmental Science (ITM), SE-106 91, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Environmental Science (ITM), SE-106 91, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Sundbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Environmental Science (ITM), SE-106 91, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.07.036","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of mercury and other metals in landlocked char from lakes in the Canadian arctic archipelago","volume":"351\u2013352","author":"Muir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1897\/08-054.1","article-title":"Temporal trends of mercury, cesium, potassium, selenium, and thallium in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Lake Hazen (Nunavut): Effects of trophic position, size and age","volume":"28","author":"Gantner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib3","author":"K\u00f6ck","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-020","article-title":"Mercury uptake by lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, relative to age, growth, and diet in Tadanac Lake with comparative data from PreCambian Shield lakes","volume":"40","author":"MacCrimmon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.8.2061","article-title":"Variation in \u03b415N and \u03b413C trophic fractionation: Implications for aquatic food web studies","volume":"46","author":"Vander Zanden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00285.x","article-title":"Using stable isotopes to confirm the trophic ecology of arctic charr morphotypes from Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Canada","volume":"60","author":"Guiguer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.11.027","article-title":"A history of total mercury in edible muscle of fish from lakes in northern Canada","volume":"351\u2013352","author":"Lockhart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2007.16036.x","article-title":"Global patterns of aquatic food chain length","volume":"116","author":"Vander Zanden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.1021\/es801218m","article-title":"Influence of geographic factors and possible implications of climate warming for PCB concentrations in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","volume":"42","author":"Guildford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189756","article-title":"The influence of trophic levels as measured by \u03b415N on mercury concentrations in freshwater organisms","volume":"80","author":"Kidd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib11","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments","author":"Kidd","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-196","article-title":"Role of food web structure on lipid and bioaccumulation of organic contaminants by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","volume":"53","author":"Bentzen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib13","author":"Macdonald","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.12.059","article-title":"Recent climate change in the arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data","volume":"342","author":"Macdonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1139\/z85-422","article-title":"The effects of an arctic winter on benthic invertebrates in the litoral zone of Char Lake, Northwest Territories","volume":"63","author":"Andrews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017508211819","article-title":"Fish and crustaceans in northeast Greenland lakes with special emphasis on interactions between arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), Lepidurus arcticus and benthic chydorids","volume":"442","author":"Jeppensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-116","article-title":"Cannibalism and trophic structure in a high arctic lake: Insight from stable-isotope analysis","volume":"52","author":"Hobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib18","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Limnology of Tundra Ponds","author":"Stross","year":"1980"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib19","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Ecosystems of the World 23-Lakes and Reservoirs","author":"Hobbie","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib20","first-page":"127","article-title":"Limnology in the high arctic: A case study of Char Lake","volume":"20","author":"Rigler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int Ver Theor Angew Limnol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2006.01550.x","article-title":"Benthic and pelagic food resources for zooplankton in shallow high-latitude lakes and ponds","volume":"51","author":"Rautio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-005-5444-z","article-title":"Distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) head capsules in recent sediments of Canadian arctic lakes","volume":"549","author":"Gajewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2005.00646.x","article-title":"Cannibalism in arctic charr: Do all individuals have the same propenstiy to be cannibals","volume":"66","author":"Svenning","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2307\/1940707","article-title":"Action principles as determinants of ecosystem structure: The autonomous lake as a reference system","volume":"76","author":"Vanriel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.1021\/es800291w","article-title":"Modeling dynamic exchange of gaseous elemental mercury at Polar sunrise","volume":"42","author":"Dastoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1021\/es049326o","article-title":"Some sources and sinks of monomethyl and inorganic mercury on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian high arctic","volume":"39","author":"St Louis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1445-2008","article-title":"A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow","volume":"8","author":"Steffen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1021\/es035146n","article-title":"Snowmelt sources of methylmercury to high arctic ecosystems","volume":"38","author":"Loseto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.12.047","article-title":"Hydrochemistry and mercury cycling in a high arctic watershed","volume":"342","author":"Semkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1897\/02-644","article-title":"Methylmercury production in high arctic wetlands","volume":"23","author":"Loseto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449910038","article-title":"Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury, methylmercury, arsenic, selenium, and cadmium by freshwater invertebrates and fish","volume":"38","author":"Mason","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9110","DOI":"10.1021\/es801619h","article-title":"Metamorphosis in chironomids, more than mercury supply, controls methylmercury transfer to fish in high arctic lakes","volume":"42","author":"Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1021\/es061263h","article-title":"Applications, considerations, and sources of uncertainty when using stable isotope analysis in ecotoxicology","volume":"40","author":"Jardine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib34","article-title":"Mercury concentrations in landlocked arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from the Canadian arctic: Part II. Influence of lake biotic and abiotic characteristics on geographic trends in 27 populations","author":"Gantner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem (this issue)."},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(57)90024-8","article-title":"Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide","volume":"12","author":"Craig","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/303685a0","article-title":"Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements","volume":"303","author":"Mariotti","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90204-7","article-title":"Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between \u03b415N and animal age","volume":"48","author":"Minagawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions","volume":"83","author":"Post","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1021\/es001459w","article-title":"Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the Northwater Polynya marine food web","volume":"35","author":"Fisk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib40","first-page":"651","author":"Environment Canada","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib41","author":"SystatSoftware","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib42","author":"SigmaPlot","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib43","author":"SystatSoftware","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib44","author":"Gantner","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016001423937","article-title":"The biology of arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, of Gander Lake, a large, deep, oligotrophic lake in Newfoundland, Canada","volume":"64","author":"O'Connell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Biol Fish"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004000530997","article-title":"Eutrophication and recovery in the high arctic: Meretta Lake (Cornwallis Island, Nunavut, Canada) revisited","volume":"431","author":"Douglas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-33745-8","volume-title":"Stable Isotope Ecology","author":"Fry","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.1.0239","article-title":"High intraspecific variability in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of lake chironomid larvae","volume":"49","author":"Grey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/5505","article-title":"Diet differentiation in polymorphic arctic charr in Thingvallavatn, Iceland","volume":"61","author":"Malmquist","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000000120","article-title":"Landlocked arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) population structure and lake morphometry in Greenland - is there a connection?","volume":"23","author":"Riget","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2307\/1935000","article-title":"Natural history, limiting factors and energetics of the opisthobranch Navanax inermis","volume":"46","author":"Paine","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.06.110175.000511","article-title":"Cannibalism in natural populations","volume":"6","author":"Fox","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880105.x","article-title":"Cannibals and parasites: Conflicting regulators of bimodality in high latitude arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus","volume":"88","author":"Hammar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.02.043","article-title":"Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay)","volume":"351\u2013352","author":"Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1897\/08-071.1","article-title":"Influence of lake characteristics on the biomagnification of 16 persistent organic pollutants in lake trout food webs","volume":"27","author":"Houde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010316452400200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1897\/07-527.1","article-title":"Mercury and other trace elements in farmed and wild salmon from British Columbia, Canada","volume":"27","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fetc.95","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/621\/59860602\/95.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/621\/59860602\/95.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T16:46:20Z","timestamp":1735922780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/29\/3\/621\/7763271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.95","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-10-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-01-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}