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I argue the obstetrical dilemma follows the adaptationist program outlined by Gould and Lewontin in 1979 and should be replaced with a new model, the multifactor pelvis. This change will allow thorough consideration of nonadaptive explanations for the evolution of the human pelvis and avoid negative social impacts from considering human childbirth inherently dangerous. First, the atomization of the pelvis into discrete traits is discussed, after which current evidence for both adaptive and nonadaptive hypotheses is evaluated, including childbirth, locomotion, shared genetics with other traits under selection, evolutionary history, genetic drift, and environmental and epigenetic influences on the pelvis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T13:59:11Z","timestamp":1690898351000},"page":"260-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The multifactor pelvis: An alternative to the adaptationist approach of the obstetrical dilemma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Warrener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102214-013918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205282109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420325112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612410113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27393-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330350605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000286584.04310.5c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4148-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517085113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-1750(79)90001-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0960-62"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2018.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2018.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.211.4480.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"The Evolutionary Biology of the Human Pelvis: An Integrative Approach","author":"Wall\u2010Scheffler CM","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092611-145739"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq4884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-012-9174-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9143-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Obstetric dimensions of the female pelvis are less integrated than locomotor dimensions and show protective scaling patterns: Implications for the obstetrical dilemma","volume":"33","author":"Ricklan SJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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