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In this review, we present new molecular, genetic and clinical findings regarding neurodevelopment, cortical expansion and the production of sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and oestradiol, by the placenta during pregnancy. We discuss converging evidence that on\u2010average sex differences are relevant for human evolution but are characterised by significant overlap between the sexes and more adaptations in female, rather than male, physiology. We also consider recent accounts and modelling of evolutionary pressures in large social groups, regarding competition and fertility. 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