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Many of these traits first appear in European Middle Pleistocene populations, likely as a result of adaptation and\/or genetic drift. According to the \u201caccretion model,\u201d this accumulation of traits was shaped by repeated extreme glacial conditions and associated demographic bottlenecks. However, the functional significance of many of these features\u2014particularly those related to the cervical spine, basal cranium, mandible, and face\u2014remains controversial, in part because they have often been studied in isolation. This paper reviews a set of traits that emerged early in the Neanderthal lineage and attempts to interpret them as part of an integrated morpho\u2010functional system. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine multiple cranio\u2010cervical traits of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    within a coherent, functionally integrated analytical framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T21:50:08Z","timestamp":1756849808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neanderthal Cranio\u2010Cervical Features: Morphological Integration and Functional Evaluation of Their Early Appearance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Boggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology Anagni Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology Anagni Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Coletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Profico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Di Vincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology Anagni Italy"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology Anagni Italy"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal","volume":"1","author":"King W.","year":"1864","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Homo heidelbergensis as the Middle Pleistocene Common Ancestor of Denisovans, Neanderthals and Modern Humans","volume":"15","author":"Vincenzo F. 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