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The advantages of studying dogs are particularly evident in four key areas: (1) analyzing evolutionary adaptations, (2) understanding humanity's past, (3) examining humanity's cultural diversity, and (4) assessing factors that influence human health. Dogs have convergently evolved social cognition and local adaptations (including altitude adaptations and the ability to digest starches and lactose) that parallel those of humans, making them valuable models for testing evolutionary hypotheses. The global spread of dogs also illuminates human population histories, and isotopic analyses of dog remains can be proxies for human dietary data when sampling human remains is infeasible or inappropriate. 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