{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:24:20Z","timestamp":1771514660015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine trypanosomiasis is a neglected protozoal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To answer the study question: In equines what are the effects of disease management of trypanosomiasis on disease severity (individual level) and disease prevalence (population level) compared to no intervention?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were identified that described management of naturally occurring equine trypanosomiasis in any country following \u2018Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010analyses\u2019 using eight international databases (1980\u20132022). Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS\u2010I. Data synthesis was descriptive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty studies were included (9 case reports, 5 case series, 15 cohorts, 1 randomised non\u2010inferiority trial). Risk of bias was \u2018serious\u2019 (22\/30), \u2018moderate\u2019 (7\/30), \u2018low\u2019 (1\/30). Heterogeneity was high. Disease severity (individual):\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/jats:italic>\n                      : all evaluated trypanocides were effective in blood parasitaemia clearance (weak evidence). Clinical relapses were common (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960\/241 equines treated; 25%) (strong evidence). Efficacy was poor once neurological signs were present (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912\/19 equines; 63% mortality) (strong evidence).\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma equiperdum<\/jats:italic>\n                      : a combination protocol could be curative before CNS invasion (weak evidence).\n                      <jats:italic>Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Treatment of haemolymphatic disease with isometamidium or diminazene resulted in a positive clinical response (strong evidence). New\/recrudescing infections were common in some regions (strong evidence).\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      : treatment with high\u2010dose diminazene had a poor clinical outcome (weak evidence). Disease prevalence (population): a multifaceted control programme was effective in reducing disease prevalence (weak evidence). Early (&lt;2\u2009days post\u2010infection) treatment was more effective (weak evidence). Reported side effects were uncommon (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200970\/7888 equines; 1%) (strong evidence). Isometamidium chloride (0.5\u2009mg\/kg i.v.) can cause a shock response (13%; range 10\u201314;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914\/105) (strong evidence).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publication bias, heterogeneity, descriptive data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short\u2010term trypanocide response for haemolymphatic disease was positive but optimisation of treatment protocols is required to reduce relapse and combat neurotrypanosomiasis. Reliance on trypanocidal treatment alone is common. Side effects are rare but can be severe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T02:35:23Z","timestamp":1766457323000},"page":"320-332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review: Disease management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4365-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra G.","family":"Raftery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Gummery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Counties Equine Hospital, Stratford Bridge, Ripple, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3382-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karelhia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mohite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Capewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7241-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"RafteryAG.A prospective clinical evaluation of the comparative efficacy of three trypanocides in the treatment of equine Trypanosomiasis in The Gambia [cited 2018 Sep 13].2017. 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