{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:33:47Z","timestamp":1793331227221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The epidemiology of equine influenza (EI) in the United Kingdom has not been systematically described since the 2019 epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To summarise UK EI surveillance (2020\u20132024), quantify outbreak seasonality and assess movement\u2010related sources.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective observational analysis of national surveillance and horse importation data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Epidemiological data for laboratory\u2010confirmed EI cases in the United Kingdom were collated. Outbreaks (EI\u2010infected premises) were defined as one or more laboratory\u2010confirmed cases on the same premises within a 4\u2010week period. Monthly outbreak counts were analysed using negative binomial regression with year, calendar\u2010quarter and ordered quartiles of 1\u2010month lagged Irish exports to the United Kingdom by equid commodity code. A subset of Q4\u20102022 sales\u2010related EI outbreaks were mapped.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Epidemiological data were available for 149 cases on 126 premises. Outbreaks displayed a repeatable late\u2010year pattern: Q4 (October to December) accounted for 52% (65\/126), with a 3.25\u2010fold higher per\u2010month rate than the rest of the year. Over 75% (95\/126) of premises reported a new arrival within \u22642\u2009weeks; 56% (28\/50) of index new\u2010arrival cases with recorded origin came from Ireland. Q4 incidence exceeded Q1 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 6.9,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and years 2021\u20132024 incidence exceeded 2020 (IRRs 4.5\u20135.6,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Adding lagged Irish imports other than pure\u2010bred breeding animals, improved fit, attenuated the Q4 effect (IRR\u2009=\u20093.9,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and identified higher import quartiles as predictors (quartile\u20103: IRR 4.5,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001; quartile\u20104: IRR 3.7,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Under\u2010ascertainment, UK\u2010wide exposure data versus Great Britain\u2010only outcomes, COVID\u201019 suppression of movements\/testing in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n EI in the United Kingdom in 2020\u20132024 was characterised by a notable October to December risk window and strong links to horse movements. Trade in non\u2010pure\u2010bred horses aligns with outbreak timing and partly explains the seasonal excess. Control measures should prioritise vaccination of new arrivals, post\u2010arrival quarantine and strengthened biosecurity during transport.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T15:42:32Z","timestamp":1772984552000},"page":"1269-1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What happened after the epidemic? Equine influenza surveillance sheds light on sources and seasonal risk in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Fleur","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Grewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"jDATA (Pty) Ltd Sandbaai South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5020042"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","volume-title":"Conclusions and recommendations of the expert surveillance panel on equine influenza vaccine composition","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease","volume":"143","author":"Waddell GH","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.6.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00357.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.623"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12349"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13176"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13874"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.16.449"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00598-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14359"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WickhamH OomsJ M\u00fcllerK.RPostgres: C++ interface to PostgreSQL. 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