{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:06:09Z","timestamp":1777950369548,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Dexmedetomidine infusions are beneficial in anaesthetised endotoxaemic horses when administered concurrent to endotoxin, but post\u2010conditioning effects are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate whether a dexmedetomidine infusion is beneficial in horses administered\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin prior to anaesthesia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Randomised controlled in vivo experiment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Ten systemically healthy horses were instrumented for acquisition of cardiac index (CI) using thermodilution. Horses received IV LPS (0.1\u2009\u03bcg\/kg bwt) immediately prior to anesthesia. Horses received IV xylazine (control, LPS;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095) or dexmedetomidine (treatment, LPS\u2010Dex;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095), followed by IV ketamine and midazolam and sevoflurane in oxygen. In LPS\u2010Dex, dexmedetomidine (1.75\u2009\u03bcg\/kg bwt\/h IV) was administered and target end\u2010tidal sevoflurane concentration was reduced (1.8% vs. 3% LPS). Cardiopulmonary function, acid\u2013base, cytokine, and creatinine values were assessed every 30\u2009min for 180\u2009min. Data were compared between groups using mixed model analysis (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation CI was significantly higher in LPS\u2010Dex at 30 and 60\u2009min (57.9\u2009\u00b1\u200915.6\u2009mL\/min\/kg bwt versus 43.1\u2009\u00b1\u20099.4, 30\u2009min,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03; 60.2\u2009\u00b1\u200911.8\u2009mL\/min\/kg bwt versus 38.9\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2, 60\u2009min,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003). Creatinine was elevated and significantly higher in LPS from 90\u2009min onward but remained normal in LPS\u2010Dex throughout (201\u2009\u00b1\u200938\u2009\u03bcmol\/L versus 124\u2009\u00b1\u200926, 180\u2009min, p\u2009=\u20090.003). Significantly improved base excess values were seen in LPS\u2010Dex at 150 and 180\u2009min (2.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009mmol\/L versus 0.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091, 150\u2009min,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03; 3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.96\u2009mmol\/L versus 0.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.41, 180\u2009min,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.01). Cytokine concentrations were similar between groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n The experimental protocol is not representative of all surgical colics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Dexmedetomidine infusion and concurrent reduction in inhalant anaesthetic could benefit anaesthetic management of horses even when endotoxaemia is already present.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:07:26Z","timestamp":1777878446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dexmedetomidine infusions improve cardiovascular and renal function in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sera","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Hector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Pezzanite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Gilleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlis L.","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12329","article-title":"Treatment of endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the equine patient","volume":"40","author":"Werners AH","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05650.x","article-title":"Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects","volume":"21","author":"Fessler JF","year":"1989","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/096805199500200409","article-title":"Endotoxin, interleukin\u20106 and tumor necrosis factor concentrations in equine acute abdominal disease: relation to clinical outcome","volume":"2","author":"Steverink PJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Endotoxin Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01463.x","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin\u20106 activity and endotoxin concentration in peritoneal fluid and blood of horses with acute abdominal disease","volume":"13","author":"Barton MH","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00944.x","article-title":"Endotoxemia in horses. 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