{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:45:28Z","timestamp":1785717928162,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Equine regenerative medicine products involving platelet\u2010rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and their derivatives are increasingly explored for antimicrobial and therapeutic roles, but their efficacy and between\u2010study variability remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To systematically review and meta\u2010analyse in vitro and in vivo evidence on antimicrobial effects of equine regenerative medicine products and to evaluate their efficacy against key pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis:<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses and searched studies (2010\u20132025) reporting PRP\/MSC antimicrobial interventions in equine models. In vitro studies reporting colony\u2010forming unit (CFU) outcomes were meta\u2010analysed. Continuous outcomes were pooled as standardised mean differences (SMD; the mean difference divided by the pooled standard deviation with 95% confidence intervals [CI]), using a random\u2010effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n and significance as\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05. Predefined subgroup analyses by product class and pathogen were performed. Risk of bias was assessed with a predefined checklist. In vivo outcomes were synthesised narratively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty\u2010four studies met inclusion criteria; 13\/17 in vitro studies contributed CFU data for meta\u2010analysis. Platelet\u2010derived products showed a pooled SMD of 0.94 (95% CI 0.33\u20131.54;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200927%) against\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n . Against\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n , regenerative products showed a non\u2010significant effect (SMD 1.07; 95% CI 0.01\u20132.13;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.05;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200965%). MSC\u2010based products produced a non\u2010significant SMD of 0.55 (95% CI \u22120.46\u20131.55;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.29;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200938%) versus\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n . Seven in vivo studies reported clinical improvements, and combination therapies with antibiotics often enhanced bacterial clearance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Interpretation is limited by substantial methodological heterogeneity across studies and by potential risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Platelet\u2010derived regenerative products demonstrate in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative Gram\u2010positive bacterium,\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ; however, current heterogeneous and limited in vivo evidence provides only tentative support for their use as adjuncts, rather than standalone antimicrobial therapies. Well\u2010designed, standardised in vitro and in vivo studies are needed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:05:27Z","timestamp":1785715527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial effects of equine regenerative medicine products: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Shuyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongfangmadu Equine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongfangmadu Equine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 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