{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1786336220580,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaccination recommendations for foals against\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium tetani<\/jats:italic>\n                      vary. Available studies assessing foal immune responses, maternal antibody interference, or individual variation often used small foal numbers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify antibody responses after tetanus vaccination in foals and explore associations with passively transferred tetanus antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010two Warmblood foals from a single stud farm were followed from birth to 360\u2009days of age. Foals received tetanus vaccinations at day 180 (d180) and d220 of life. Serum samples were collected at 19 time points during the study period and analysed using a fluorescent bead\u2010based Tetanus Multiplex assay to quantify total and isotype\u2010specific anti\u2010tetanus antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Passively transferred anti\u2010tetanus antibodies in foal serum started to decline on d15 until d180. The first tetanus vaccination on d180 did not induce detectable antibodies. Following the second vaccination on d220, antibodies peaked on d230, before declining again to concentrations below pre\u2010vaccination by d360. A weak correlation was observed between maternally derived antibodies on d5 and the vaccine\u2010induced response on d230 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>sp<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.36). Antibodies between pre\u2010 (d180) and post\u2010vaccination (d230) did not correlate (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>sp<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.16). IgG1 contributed majorly to the initial vaccine\u2010induced response, whereas IgM remained unaffected. The individual variability in antibody responses was high, with 38.7% of the foals showing low responsiveness to vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only foals from a single farm were included; only one vaccine and tetanus vaccination schedule were evaluated, and a nonvaccinated control group or foals without maternal antibodies were not available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The variability in foal responses and the rapid post\u2010vaccination antibody decline suggest that tetanus vaccination schedules for foals, including booster timing, may benefit from optimisation. Low vaccine responses at a time when passively transferred antibody concentrations had waned challenges the hypothesis of maternal antibodies as the sole reason for reduced antibody induction in foals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:12:49Z","timestamp":1786335169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibody kinetics against tetanus toxoid before and after primary vaccination of foals"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1528-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover  Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Venner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Destedt  Destedt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","article-title":"The spectrum of clinical characteristics and complications of tetanus: a retrospective cross\u2010sectional study from a developing nation","volume":"13","author":"Almas T","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.3.477","article-title":"Tetanus: a review of the literature","volume":"87","author":"Cook TM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506750200"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12502","article-title":"Duration of tetanus immunoglobulin G titres following basic immunisation of horses","volume":"48","author":"Kendall A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5441","article-title":"Tetanus in horses: an overview of 70 cases","volume":"38","author":"Ribeiro MG","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui Vet Bras"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03210.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Tetanus in the equine species: a retrospective study of 31 cases","volume":"133","author":"Van Galen G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12668","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of 155 adult equids and 21 foals with tetanus in Western, northern, and Central Europe (2000\u20132014). 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