{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:20:30Z","timestamp":1787811630230,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bone scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic modality in equine orthopaedics, but it is associated with occupational radiation exposure and regulatory requirements for post\u2010procedural isolation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify radiation dose rates emitted from horses undergoing bone scintigraphy, to evaluate the effects of distance (spatial) and time (temporal) on radiation exposure, and to derive evidence\u2010based recommendations for post\u2010scintigraphy isolation periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty warmblood horses underwent musculoskeletal scintigraphy following intravenous administration of\n                      <jats:sup>99<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:sup>m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc\u2010methylene diphosphonate (approximately 10\u2009MBq\/kg). Radiation dose rates (\u03bcSv\/h) were measured at the head, kidney, and pelvic regions at distances of 5, 30, and 100\u2009cm from the skin. Measurements were recorded from 5\u2009min up to 72\u2009h post\u2010injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 5\u2009min post\u2010injection and 5\u2009cm distance, the kidney region exhibited dose rates 38% higher than the head (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001; 95% CI\u2009=\u200939.1\u2013101.8), whereas the pelvic region showed significantly lower values (28.2%\u201355.5% reduction;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Increasing the distance from 5\u2009cm to 30\u2009cm and 100\u2009cm reduced radiation exposure by 65%\u201382%, representing a greater protective effect than time decay alone (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Across all anatomical regions, dose rates at 5\u2009cm decreased to \u226445\u2009\u03bcSv\/h by 6\u2009h and to \u22647.5\u2009\u03bcSv\/h by 18\u2009h post\u2010injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential effects of pathological tracer uptake and limited representation of older horses requiring higher radiotracer doses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maintaining a minimum distance of 30\u2009cm from horses undergoing bone scintigraphy substantially reduces occupational radiation exposure. The post\u2010scintigraphy isolation periods can be shortened to 6\u2009h under German regulations and to approximately 18\u2009h to meet international standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:00:50Z","timestamp":1787810450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial and temporal radiation exposure during equine bone scintigraphy: Implications for occupational safety and post\u2010scintigraphy isolation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mageed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipixel Veterinary Teleradiology  Bakum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahlaa","family":"Dyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipixel Veterinary Teleradiology  Bakum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Przewo\u017any","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equi Vet Serwis  Buk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13810","article-title":"Questionnaire study of nuclear scintigraphy protocols in equine clinical practice: preliminary data","volume":"35","author":"Mageed M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11100814","article-title":"Assessment of radiation exposure in a nuclear medicine department during 99mTc\u2010MDP bone scintigraphy","volume":"11","author":"Marshall SK","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app142311211","article-title":"Evaluation of environmental radiation exposure and algorithms for determining the occupational effective dose during 99mTc\u2010MDP bone scintigraphy: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"14","author":"Marshall SK","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.24.832","article-title":"Exposure of veterinary personnel to ionising radiation during bone scanning of horses by nuclear scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate","volume":"160","author":"Gatherer ME","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01632.x","article-title":"Radiation hazards from horses undergoing scintigraphy using technetium\u221299m","volume":"29","author":"Whitelock RG","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.29.105","article-title":"Experience of using water\u2010dispersed paper bedding for equine scintigraphy","volume":"29","author":"Yamada K","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00097.x","article-title":"The role of protective lead clothing in reducing radiation exposure rates to personnel during equine bone scintigraphy","volume":"46","author":"Steyn PF","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13032","article-title":"Workers should take steps to mitigate surface lead exposure when using lead\u2010containing personal protective equipment","volume":"63","author":"Mayer MN","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncm176","article-title":"A comparison of dose savings of lead and lightweight aprons for shielding of 99m\u2010technetium radiation","volume":"124","author":"Warren\u2010Forward H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effects of lead shielding on gamma radiation scatter energy spectrum during equine bone scintigraphy","volume":"95","author":"Kafka UCM","year":"2024","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645320946619","article-title":"Radiological protection of the patient in veterinary medicine and the role of ICRP","volume":"49","author":"Pentreath RJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"Strahlenschutzverordnung vom 29. November 2018 (BGBl. I S. 2034 2036; 2021 I S. 5261) die zuletzt durch Artikel 10 des Gesetzes vom 23. Oktober 2024 ge\u00e4ndert worden ist. [cited 2026 Apr 28]. Available from:https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/strlschv_2018\/BJNR203600018.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e318235153a","article-title":"Exposure rate constants and lead shielding values for over 1,100 radionuclides","volume":"102","author":"Smith DS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2007.09.006","article-title":"Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology","volume":"23","author":"Toribio RE","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2006.02.007","article-title":"Measurement of attenuation coefficients for bone, muscle, fat and water at 140, 364 and 662\u2009keV \u03b3\u2010ray energies","volume":"102","author":"Akar A","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12917"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112954","article-title":"99mTc\u2010pertechnetate uptake in parotid acinar cells by the Na+\/K+\/Cl\u2212 co\u2010transport system","volume":"79","author":"Helman J","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13319","article-title":"Radiation from the equine perineal region is low compared with the elbow and head 24 hours after bone scintigraphic examination","volume":"65","author":"Marcelino L","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Biological and imaging characteristics and radiation dose rates associated with the use of technetium\u201099m\u2010labelled imidodiphosphate in the horse","volume":"60","author":"Riddolls LJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res Rev Can Rech Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Diagnostic value of renal imaging incidental to bone scintigraphy with 99mTc\u2010phosphate compounds","volume":"16","author":"Vieras F","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6069-7.00019-5","volume-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","author":"Ross MW","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/evj.70321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/evj.70321","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/evj.70321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:00:55Z","timestamp":1787810455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/evj.70321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/evj.70321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evj.70321","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"evj.70321"}}