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Fluid warmers can be used to mitigate heat loss, but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness in equine anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether administration of warmed intravenous fluids attenuates heat loss during general anaesthesia in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, randomised, crossover in vivo experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised twice and administered intravenous fluids with the HOTLINE\u00ae Blood and Fluid Warmer either activated or inactivated. Body temperature was recorded at four anatomic sites (rectum, nasopharynx, pulmonary artery, and urinary bladder), and fluid temperature was measured in the fluid bag, proximal to the warmer, and distal to the warmer. Linear mixed\u2010effects models evaluated the effects of warmer status, time, measurement site, and ambient temperature, including relevant interactions, with random intercepts for horse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall body temperature differed statistically but not clinically meaningfully between warmer conditions; however, warmed fluid administration significantly reduced the rate of temperature decline (time \u00d7 warmer interaction,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0038\u00b0C\/min, SE\u2009=\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Fluid temperature distal to the warmer increased substantially with warmer activation (warmer \u00d7 distal interaction,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.86\u00b0C, SE\u2009=\u20090.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Ambient temperature strongly influenced body temperature (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009437.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and fluid temperature (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009634.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small sample size; environmental variability; no surgical procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although warmed intravenous fluids did not increase body temperature, they attenuated intra\u2010anaesthetic heat loss. The HOTLINE\u00ae Blood and Fluid Warmer increased delivered fluid temperature and provided a modest but measurable protective effect against hypothermia. These findings are the first to demonstrate that warmed fluid administration can slow heat loss in horses under general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:56:16Z","timestamp":1789725376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warmed intravenous fluid administration attenuated a reduction in body temperature in anaesthetised horses"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda P.","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Kennett Square Pennsylvania 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