{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:01:54Z","timestamp":1790776914019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impinging (overriding) spinous processes (ISPs) are commonly identified in horses with back pain. Diagnostic analgesia is widely used as the clinical reference standard for confirming association with clinical signs of back pain, but the specificity of dorsal spinous region diagnostic analgesia remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the specificity of a midline thoracic interspinous space injection in cadaveric horses using three injectate volumes, assessed by computed tomography (CT) and anatomical dissection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ex vivo experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The T15\u2013T16 interspinous space of isolated thoracolumbar segments from 10 cadaver horses was injected using a dorsal midline approach with 5, 10, or 20\u2009mL of a 3:1 iohexol:methylene blue solution under radiographic guidance. CT was performed post\u2010injection to assess contrast distribution, and specimens were serially sectioned to evaluate methylene blue distribution. Bayesian linear regression was used to assess the relationship between injectate volume and spread distance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injectate was identified in the interspinous space in six specimens. Contrast injectate distribution to \u22651 thoracic articular process joint occurred in nine specimens and \u22651 intervertebral foramen in all specimens. Injectate entered the epidural space in two specimens (10 and 20\u2009mL injectate volumes). Larger injectate volume was associated with greater craniocaudal spread (Bayesian linear regression: +4.094\u2009mm\/mL, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.038\u20138.399), but not dorsoventral spread.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dorsal midline injection at T15\u2013T16 is a technique with poor specificity for targeting the interspinous ligament and frequently results in periarticular and intervertebral foramen distribution, placing injectate in proximity to adjacent articular and neurovascular structures. This may lead to misinterpretation of clinical results after injection and potential complications. Craniocaudal injectate spread increased with larger injection volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:44:57Z","timestamp":1790775897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of volume for injection of the 15th to 16th thoracic interspinous space: An ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Melly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara 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