{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:51:17Z","timestamp":1791157877671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1302000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1302000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Infectious endometritis, mainly caused by\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n SEZ<\/jats:italic>\n ), significantly impairs donkey reproductive performance. Platelet\u2010rich plasma (PRP) shows promise as an anti\u2010inflammatory and antibiotic alternative.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate PRP's antimicrobial efficacy against key pathogens and assess its anti\u2010inflammatory and tissue repair properties in an in vitro endometrial model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Non\u2010randomised in vitro and explant experiments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In in vitro antibacterial assays, the inhibitory effects of PRP on the growth of\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n SEZ<\/jats:italic>\n were evaluated. In an in vitro infected endometrial explant model, tissues were treated with PRP, ceftiofur (CEF), 1\/2 MIC CEF, or PRP combined with 1\/2 MIC CEF. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated by bacterial load quantification, while inflammatory and healing responses were assessed by measuring the protein levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1), anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine (IL\u201010), tissue repair factor (TGF\u2010\u03b2), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP\u20109), and histological examination of the endometrium.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n 50% PRP significantly inhibited\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n SEZ<\/jats:italic>\n during an 8\u2009h culture period (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05), although efficacy decreased by 24\u2009h. In the\n SEZ<\/jats:italic>\n model, PRP reduced bacterial load, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and TGF\u2010\u03b2 levels while enhancing the expression of IL\u201010 and MMP\u20109 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). In the\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n model, PRP\u2009+\u20091\/2 MIC CEF demonstrated synergistic antibacterial and optimal anti\u2010inflammatory effects (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). PRP also promoted epithelial and glandular repair as indicated by upregulated MMP\u20109 levels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Models may not fully replicate complex co\u2010infections and cell interactions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The antibacterial efficacy of PRP depends on concentration, duration, and pathogen type, with PRP showing greater inhibitory effects against\n SEZ<\/jats:italic>\n than\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n . Application strategies should be tailored to the type of infectious endometritis to maximise the effect of PRP.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:55:43Z","timestamp":1791154543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Platelet\u2010rich plasma exhibits antibacterial and anti\u2010inflammatory effects in an in vitro donkey endometritis model"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7847-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin'er","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin\u2010Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong China"},{"name":"Dong\u2010E E\u2010Jiao Co. Ltd. Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinni","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin\u2010Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong China"},{"name":"Dong\u2010E E\u2010Jiao Co. Ltd. Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin\u2010Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong China"},{"name":"Dong\u2010E E\u2010Jiao Co. Ltd. Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin\u2010Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong China"},{"name":"Dong\u2010E E\u2010Jiao Co. Ltd. Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8693-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"56","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Endometritis in donkeys associated with streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection","volume":"53","author":"Gao N","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172494","article-title":"Reproductive 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