{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:49:56Z","timestamp":1779886196860,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2015-68300P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-68300P"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2017-92166-EXP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-92166-EXP"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2015-68300P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-68300P"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2017-92166-EXP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-92166-EXP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Explaining the origin and evolution of a vertebral column with anatomically distinct regions that characterizes the tetrapod body plan provides understanding of how metameric structures become repeated and how they acquire the ability to perform different functions. However, despite many decades of inquiry, the advantages and costs of vertebral column regionalization in anatomically distinct blocks, their functional specialization, and how they channel new evolutionary outcomes are poorly understood. Here, we investigate morphological integration (and how this integration is structured [modularity]) between all the presacral vertebrae of mammalian carnivorans to provide a better understanding of how regionalization in metameric structures evolves. Our results demonstrate that the subunits of the presacral column are highly integrated. However, underlying to this general pattern, three sets of vertebrae are recognized as presacral modules\u2014the cervical module, the anterodorsal module, and the posterodorsal module\u2014as well as one weakly integrated vertebra (diaphragmatic) that forms a transition between both dorsal modules. We hypothesize that the strength of integration organizing the axial system into modules may be associated with motion capability. The highly integrated anterior dorsal module coincides with a region with motion constraints to avoid compromising ventilation, whereas for the posterior dorsal region motion constraints avoid exceeding extension of the posterior back. On the other hand, the weakly integrated diaphragmatic vertebra belongs to the \u201cDiaphragmatic joint complex\u201d\u2014a key region of the mammalian column of exceedingly permissive motion. Our results also demonstrate that these modules do not match with the traditional morphological regions, and we propose natural selection as the main factor shaping this pattern to stabilize some regions and to allow coordinate movements in others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T09:40:48Z","timestamp":1618047648000},"page":"251-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Phenotypic integration in the carnivoran backbone and the evolution of functional differentiation in metameric structures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mart\u00edn-Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga 29071 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga 29071 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Anatom\u00eda y Radiolog\u00eda, Museo de Anatom\u00eda Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid 47002 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga 29071 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2542-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Figueirido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga 29071 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13045","article-title":"On the comparison of the strength of morphological integration across morphometric datasets","volume":"70","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","volume-title":"Geomorph: software for geometric morphometric analyses","author":"Adams","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","article-title":"Evolution of the mammalian neck from developmental, morpho-functional, and paleontological perspectives","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mamm. Evol."},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B. Methodol."},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-017-0069-4","article-title":"Correlation between Hox code and vertebral morphology in the mouse: towards a universal model for Synapsida","volume":"3","author":"B\u00f6hmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zool. Lett."},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1156","article-title":"Comparative and functional anatomy of the mammalian lumbar spine","volume":"264","author":"Boszczyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. 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Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Tweede Sectie","author":"Slijper","year":"1946"},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051730307","article-title":"Homology and causes","volume":"173","author":"Van Valen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2023041207050590800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.12.009","article-title":"Three-dimensional movements of the pelvis and the lumbar intervertebral joints in walking and trotting dogs","volume":"210","author":"Wachs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. 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