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Mitochondria play an important role in oxidative balance and metabolic activity of neurons; therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with NDs and mitochondria are considered a potential treatment target for NDs. Several obstacles, including the blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB) and cell\/mitochondrial membranes, reduce the efficiency of drug entry into the target lesions. Therefore, a variety of neuron mitochondrial targeting strategies has been developed. Among them, nanotechnology\u2010based treatments show especially promising results. Owing to their adjustable size, appropriate charge, and lipophilic surface, nanoparticles (NPs) are the ideal theranostic system for crossing the BBB and targeting the neuronal mitochondria. In this review, we discussed the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in ND pathogenesis as well as the physiological barriers to various treatment strategies. We also reviewed the use and advantages of various NPs (including organic, inorganic, and biological membrane\u2010coated NPs) for the treatment and diagnosis of NDs. Finally, we summarized the evidence and possible use for the promising role of NP\u2010based theranostic systems in the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction\u2010related NDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/exp.20210115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T03:14:50Z","timestamp":1640661290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Mitochondria\u2010targeted nanoparticles in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin P. R. 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