{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:28:05Z","timestamp":1787768885645,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anemia is a nutritional disorder that affects mostly children below 2\u00a0years and is mainly contributed by iron deficiency. <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic> leaves are rich in iron and other essential nutrients necessary for iron metabolism. We investigated the effect of <jats:italic>M.\u00a0oleifera<\/jats:italic> leaf powder supplementation on reducing anemia among children below 2\u00a0years. A community\u2010based interventional study was conducted that enrolled 95 anemic children who were followed for 6\u00a0months. The intervention communities received <jats:italic>M.\u00a0oleifera<\/jats:italic> leaf powder and nutrition education, while control communities only received nutrition education. Changes on mean hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and anemia prevalence were compared between the two groups using <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test and proportional test where appropriate. At baseline, the mean Hb concentrations of control and intervention groups were 7.9\u00a0g\/dl\u2009 (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.3) and 8.3\u00a0g\/dl (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.6)\u00a0g\/L, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.0943). After 6\u00a0months, anemia prevalence significantly decreased in the intervention group by 53.6% (100%\u201346.4%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) compared to 13.6% (100%\u201386.4%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005) in control community. The mean Hb was 10.9\u00a0g\/dl (95% CI: 10.2\u201311.4) for intervention and 9.4\u00a0g\/dl (95% 7.8\u201310.1) for control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.002).\u00a0The effect was also observed in the reduction of the prevalence of moderate and severe anemia in the intervention communities by 68.2% and 77.9%, respectively, and by 23.3% and 56.9%, respectively, in the control communities. Increasing amount and time of using <jats:italic>M.\u00a0oleifera<\/jats:italic> supplementation resulted to significant reduction in anemia cases therefore can be used as complementary solution in addressing anemia among children especially when the use of infant formulas and fortified food product is very poor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T04:28:04Z","timestamp":1562300884000},"page":"2584-2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effect of <i>Moringa Oleifera<\/i> leaf powder supplementation on reducing anemia in children below two years in Kisarawe District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela E.","family":"Shija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Da\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7058-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan F.","family":"Rumisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Da\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndekya M.","family":"Oriyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Da\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella P.","family":"Kilima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Da\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius J.","family":"Massaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Da\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17508\/CJFST.2014.6.2.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Moringa: A miracle plant for agro\u2010forestry","author":"Ashifaq M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Agriculture and Social Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Rural nutrition interventions with indigenous plant foods \u2013 a case study of vitamin A deficiency in Malawi","volume":"4","author":"Babu S. C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron\u2010deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0\u20133 Years of Age)","volume":"126","author":"Baker R. D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Beth D. &Lindsay C.(2005). Moringa Leaf Powder. ECHO technical note. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/miracletrees.org\/moringa-doc\/making_moringa_leaf_powder.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB10.1599"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Disease control priorities in developing countries:Stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiency disorders","author":"Caulfield L. E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7617.1000366"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701212924"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000206"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-626"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties","author":"Fahey J. W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.20.8571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","volume-title":"Improving diets and nutrition: Food\u2010based approaches","author":"FAO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"Combating micronutrient deficiencies: Food\u2010based approaches","author":"FAO and CAB International","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Human vitamin and mineral requirements","author":"FAO and WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","volume-title":"The Miracle Tree\/The Multiple Attributes of Moringa","author":"Foidl N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Anemia prevention and control; What Works","author":"Freire W. B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","volume-title":"Combating malnutrition with Moringa: Development potential for Moringa product","author":"Fuglie L. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","volume-title":"Indicators and methods for cross\u2010sectional survey of vitamin and mineral status of populations","author":"Gorstein J.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemocue validation for the diagnosis of anaemia in children: A semi\u2010 systematic review","volume":"04","author":"Gwetu T. P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics & Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","volume-title":"All thing in Moringa: The story of an amazing tree of life","author":"Hiawatha Bey H.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities","volume":"4","author":"Kasolo J. N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Protein and micronutrient contents of Moringa oleifera (Murunga) leaves collected from different localities in Sri Lanka","volume":"02","author":"Liyanage R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/519084"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","first-page":"775","article-title":"Moringa oleifera: A natural gift\u2010a review","volume":"2","author":"Mahmood K. T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","volume-title":"Investing in the future","author":"MI","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","volume-title":"Vitamin and mineral deficiency: A global progress report","author":"MI and UNICEF","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-006-0108-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","volume-title":"Tanzania demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey (TDHS_MIS) 2015\u201016","author":"MoHCDGEC, MoH, NBS, OCGS, & ICF","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","first-page":"646","article-title":"Effect of beta carotene from dehydrated drumstick leaf powder on the haematological indices of non\u2010pregnant non\u2010lactating young women Aged 18\u201325 Yrs (Preliminary Trials)","volume":"3","author":"Nambiar V. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","volume-title":"Micronutrients: Results of the 2010 Tanzania demographic and health survey","author":"NBS and ICF Macro","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","first-page":"892","article-title":"Intake of powdered tea supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf attenuates some haematological parameters in malnourished children","volume":"32","author":"Nurain I.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological and Chemical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssas.2016.02.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Efficacy of Moringa Oleifera in treating iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age group","volume":"3","author":"Sindhu S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Physiotherapy Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Improvement of protein energy malnutrition by nutritional intervention with Moringa oleifera among Anganwadi children in rural area in Bangalore, India","author":"Srikanth V. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5325"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169809365406"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia","volume":"27","author":"Suharno D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2017.1s.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845937140.0268","volume-title":"Combating Iron deficiency :Food based approaches","author":"Thompson B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391600"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","volume-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia: Assessment, prevention and control","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","volume-title":"Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Forum of nutrition","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","volume-title":"Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","volume-title":"WHO child growth standards: Measuring child growth","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","volume-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993\u20132005: WHO Global database on anemia","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and mineral nutrition information Syterm","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","volume-title":"Global nutrition target 2025: Anaemia policy brief","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","author":"WHO and FAO","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Nutritional and functional properties of Moringa leaves\u2013From germplasm, to plant, to food, to health","author":"Yang R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","first-page":"991","volume-title":"Nutritional and clinical rehabilitation of severely malnourished children with Moringa oleifera Lam","author":"Zongo U.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.1110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.1110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.1110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T15:32:57Z","timestamp":1694273577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.1110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.1110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.1110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}