{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:19:35Z","timestamp":1790669975025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance, responsible for toxoplasmosis in homeotherms. Although treatment options are readily available, most drugs often cause serious side effects. Extracts of <jats:italic>Dracocephalum kotschyi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>D.\u00a0kotschyi<\/jats:italic>) have shown significant pharmacological activity against various parasites, viruses, and bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the anti\u2010<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> activity in vitro and in vivo of <jats:italic>D.\u00a0kotschyi<\/jats:italic> essential oil. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the anti\u2010<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil. The presence of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> was observed by Giemsa staining, and the viability was evaluated by the trypan blue staining method. Furthermore, the survival rate of acutely infected mice was evaluated by intraperitoneal injecting of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) for five days after infection with 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> tachyzoites. Essential oil, negative, and positive controls that showed the best toxoplasmacidal activity were assayed in triplicate at each concentration. The essential oil exhibited the highest anti\u2010<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> activity with a half\u2010maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>)\u00a0of 9.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.38\u00a0\u00b5g, with a selectivity index of 2.463. On Vero cells, the CC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0of the oil was 24.49\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.96\u00a0\u00b5g and exhibited a significant anti\u2010<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> activity. Moreover, the treatment by essential oil significantly increased the survival rate compared to untreated infected control. In conclusion, the essential oil might be a useful compound, and with more testing, it may be an excellent alternative to standard chemical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T18:51:24Z","timestamp":1605207084000},"page":"522-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["In vitro and in vivo <i>Anti\u2010Toxoplasma<\/i> activity of <i>Dracocephalum kotschyi<\/i> essential oil"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faham","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mostafa","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mustafa","family":"Ghanadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2019.22.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Anti\u2010toxoplasmosis activity of herbal medicines: Narrative review","volume":"2","author":"Arab\u2010Mazar Z.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Herbal Medicines Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639\u2010020\u201001259\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010002\u20100735\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10136\u2010012\u20100014\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035\u20109203(82)90228\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3831\/kpi.2017.20.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.248708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v16i11.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.019"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Flavonoid constituents of Dracocephalum kotschyi growing in Iran and their trypanocidal activity","volume":"57","author":"Gohari A. 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