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Previously, we described a transplastomic lettuce overexpressing hTrx\u20101 that exerts a protective effect against oxidative damage in a pancreatic \u03b2\u2010cell line. In this study, we treated diabetic mice (Akita mice) with exogenous hTrx\u20101 and evaluated the effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment with drinking water and single applications of exogenous hTrx\u20101 did not influence the feeding, drinking behavior, body weight, blood glucose, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>) levels in Akita mice. However, chronic administration of a 10% hTrx\u20101 lettuce\u2010containing diet was associated with a significant reduction from the baseline of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels compared with mice fed a wild\u2010type lettuce\u2010containing diet. It also resulted in an increased number of goblet cells in the small intestine, indicating that mucus was synthesized and secreted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results revealed that the administration of an hTrx\u20101 lettuce\u2010containing diet improves the baseline level of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> in Akita mice. This effect is mediated through goblet cell proliferation and possibly related to protection against postprandial hyperglycemia by mucus, which results in the improvement of blood glucose control. These findings suggest that the hTrx\u20101 lettuce may be a useful tool for the continuous antioxidative and antidiabetic efficacies of the hTrx\u20101 protein.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T11:52:49Z","timestamp":1624276369000},"page":"4232-4242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of chronic administration with human thioredoxin\u20101 transplastomic lettuce on diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rie","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infection and Prevention Department of Biological Responses Institute for Virus Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science Faculty of Human Life Sciences Mimasaka University 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