{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:43:40Z","timestamp":1790343820505,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science & Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Bougainvillea spectabilis<\/jats:italic>\n extract (BSE), a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin, was used for encapsulation with\n Urtica dioica<\/jats:italic>\n L. seed gum. The extract was obtained using shaking, bath, and probe ultrasound. The results showed that probe ultrasound extract was more efficient, as reflected by the higher value of total phenolic (4354.15\u2009mg GAE\/100\u2009g FW), flavonoid (2431.25\u2009mg CE\/100\u2009g FW), and anthocyanin content (106.57\u2009mg CGE\/100\u2009g FW). BSE was encapsulated in\n U.\u00a0dioica<\/jats:italic>\n L. seed gum at 1:1 and 1:2 core to coating ratio. In both DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay, higher antioxidant activity was observed in the encapsulated extract than in the free extract. Encapsulated extracts exhibited 87.9\u00a0nm average diameter (polydispersity index below 0.23) and negative zeta potential. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n was 112.5, 87.5, 112.5, and 87.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, respectively, while MIC of the free extract against\n S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>\n was 150 and 125\u2009\u03bcg\/ml, respectively. The phenolic compounds are gradually released from the nanoparticles in the gastric and small intestine phase, whereas free extract released phenolic compounds quickly after entering the gastric phase. Considering antioxidant\/antimicrobial activity and release properties, nanoparticles with a 1:1 ratio of core to coating had the potential to use as an effective natural preservative agent in food products besides the delivery of bioactive compounds to the human body.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T08:17:33Z","timestamp":1655972253000},"page":"3436-3443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Encapsulation of bougainvillea (\n Bougainvillea spectabilis<\/i>\n ) flower extract in\n Urtica dioica<\/i>\n L. seed gum: Characterization, antioxidant\/antimicrobial properties, and in vitro digestion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza Esmaeilzadeh","family":"Kenari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razie","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox5040045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.02.024"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Polyphenolic contents of Bougainvillea spectabilis Wild and Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nictagynaceae) with potential antioxidant and antiproliferative activities","volume":"3","author":"Compaore M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Research (AJPBR)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36560\/14220211297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Evaluation of anti\u2010oxidant activity determination of phenolic content of leaves extracts of Bougainvillea glabra \u2018Snow White\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Gupta V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2018.98076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajsr.2015.367.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00528-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13057\/nusbiosci\/n080201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of betalain extraction from Salicornia fruticosa and its encapsulation","volume":"24","author":"Mohamed E. 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