{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:03:20Z","timestamp":1785773000913,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the overwhelming safety evidence concerning creatine intake in various settings, there is still incomplete information whether dietary creatine affects liver health at the population level. The main aim of this cross\u2010sectional population\u2010based study was to evaluate the association between creatine intake through regular diet and liver disease manifestations, including liver fibrosis and hepatic steatosis, among individuals aged 12\u2009years and over, using open\u2010source data from the 2017\u20132018 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 9254 male and female participants of all ages were included in the 2017\u20132018 NHANES round. We extracted data from the total sample population for participants who provided dietary data for individual foods via dietary interviews and examination data from liver ultrasound transient elastography. The final study sample consisted of 5957 participants (mean age 44.7\u2009\u00b1\u200921.0\u2009years; 50.1% women), and the mean dietary creatine intake across the study population was 0.88\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71\u2009g\/day. Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were diagnosed in 1703 (28.7%) and 288 (4.8%) participants, respectively; hepatic steatosis was identified in 2595 (43.7%) individuals. Binary logistic regression with multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, family income to poverty ratio, body mass index, total energy intake, and alcohol consumption showed that consuming more creatine (\u22652\u00a0g\/day) did not significantly increase the risk of liver fibrosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.92, 95% CI 0.70\u20131.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.57), cirrhosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.94, 95% CI 0.53\u20131.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.82), or hepatic steatosis (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.77, 95% CI 0.59\u20131.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.07), as compared to participants who ingested &lt;1\u00a0g of creatine daily. Dietary exposure to creatine through a regular diet is not associated with an increase in disease manifestations in individuals 12\u2009years and over; further research is warranted to address the effects of excessive creatine intake (\u22655\u00a0g\/day) through a regular diet on liver health at the population level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T11:19:48Z","timestamp":1668770388000},"page":"1134-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Creatine consumption and liver disease manifestations in individuals aged 12\u2009years and over"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nikola","family":"Todorovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Novi Sad  Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darinka","family":"Korovljev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Novi Sad  Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdemar","family":"Stajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Novi Sad  Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Jorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade  Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergej M.","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Novi Sad  Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade  Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Public Health University of Agder  Kristiansand Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1550\u20102783\u201010\u201054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31474-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726\u2010011\u20100853\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022469320296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.12.4.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Liver ultrasound transient elastography procedures manual","author":"NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"MEC laboratory procedures manual","author":"NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 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