{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:30:06Z","timestamp":1790638206709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Afghan refugees are the world's densely populated community, with 2.6 million registered Afghan refugees living globally, of whom about 2.2 million are in Iran and Pakistan. Pakistan is a densely populated country, and due to its low socioeconomic status, food insecurity, unhygienic conditions, and inadequate access to health care, the Afghan refugees have high chances of being malnourished; the chances of death for these Afghans are 25 times more every year from undernourishment and poverty than those from violence. This study aimed to assess anthropometric and biochemical analyses, their health complications, and the socioeconomic status of Afghan refugee women living in Islamabad Punjab as women are the most vulnerable and highly malnourished group in any community. This cross\u2010sectional study involved 150 Afghan women aged 15\u201330\u2009years; they were assessed for their nutritional status using Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical and Diet (ABCD). The results indicate the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, and overweight at 74.7%, 16.7%, and 8.7%, respectively. Majority of the women have extremely low hemoglobin (Hb) level, which indicates iron deficiency as well as low body mass index for their age. As the results indicate that there are high chances of severe malnutrition among this most vulnerable segment of the population, this situation must be addressed immediately; the main aim of this study is to highlight the current situation of these Afghan refugees in Pakistan. More research is needed to determine how normal body weight women with low hemoglobin levels are compared to women with ideal body mass index ratios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T14:41:51Z","timestamp":1680014511000},"page":"2872-2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nutritional and health status of Afghan refugee women living in Punjab: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maleeha","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Economics Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Nosheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Economics Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakhar","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Economics Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuosra","family":"Amer\u00a0Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry University of Mosul  Mosul Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30025-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia types among overweight and obese patients attending the obesity research and therapy unit at AL\u2010kindy college of medicine","volume":"24","author":"Al\u2010Attar Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prevalence"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9861-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01085-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v10i1.21665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-021-00165-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Caulfield L. E. &Elliot V.(2015).Nutrition of adolescent girls and women of reproductive age in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries: Current context and scientific basis for moving forward. USAID\/Strengthening Partnerships Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) Project."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"CEIC Data. (2021).Pakistan household income per capita 2005\u20132021. Retrieved July 18 2021 fromhttps:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/indicator\/pakistan\/annual\u2010household\u2010income\u2010per\u2010capita"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v51i2.10116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022000544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2021.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v21i3.59576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Association between nutrition and immune system: A review","volume":"7","author":"Hamidianshirazi M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Nutrition Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"The effect of additional blood tablets (Fe) towards increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women in trimester I in Puskesmas Laosu, Konawe Regency","volume":"20","author":"Harni F. K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroQuantology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021004031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS2.5718"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Mental health of Afghan refugees in Pakistan: A qualitative rapid reconnaissance field study","volume":"4","author":"Kassam A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64838-5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20184898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"Pathophysiology of obesity","author":"Khanna D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56431\/p-z71ot5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-021-09827-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20473\/jbk.v9i1.2020.69-76"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004736.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093072"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The effect of family size on children's education: Evidence from the fertility control policy in China","volume":"12","author":"Shen Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers of Economics in China"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/jer.2009.4.3.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2017-0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2090-7214.1000289"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Underweight as a risk factor for iron depletion and iron\u2010deficient erythropoiesis among young women in rural areas of East Java, Indonesia","volume":"22","author":"Sumarmi S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10482-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2020).UNHCR\u2014Refugee statistics 2019. Retrieved July 6 2020 fromhttps:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refugee\u2010statistics\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups. (2021).World Bank data help desk. Retrieved July 18 2021 fromhttps:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519\u2010world\u2010bank\u2010country\u2010and\u2010lending\u2010groups"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021004900"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.3267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T13:03:56Z","timestamp":1697115836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.3267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.3267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.3267","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}