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Thus, this review comprehensively covers the factors that affect thyroid gland function, TC types, risk factors, and symptoms. Lifestyle factors (such as nutrient consumption and smoking) and pollutants (such as chemicals and heavy metals) increased the thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH) levels which are directly related to TC prevalence. The conventional and recent TC treatments are also highlighted. The role of the oral and gut microbiota as well as the application of probiotics on TC are also discussed. The variations in the composition of oral and gut microbes influence the thyroid function indirectly through alteration in metabolites (such as short\u2010chain fatty acids) that are eminent for cellular energy metabolism. Maintenance of healthy gut and oral microbiota can help in regulating thyroid function by regulating iodine uptake. Oral or gut microbial dysbiosis can be considered as an early diagnosis factor or TC marker. High TSH during TC can increase the oral microbial diversity while disrupting the high ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut. Supplementation of probiotics as an adjuvant in TC treatment is beneficial. However, needs more extensive research to explore the direct effect of probiotics on thyroid function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T10:07:18Z","timestamp":1688810838000},"page":"5657-5674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring the oral\u2010gut microbiota during thyroid cancer: Factors affecting the thyroid functions and cancer development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Kun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine Gansu Provincial Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xiaodong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department of Gansu Provincial Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Haijun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine Gansu Provincial Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nie","family":"Xiazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Gansu Provincial Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Gansu Provincial Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.02.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.999001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/eajbsz.2022.233650"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2018.1417845"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agu085"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effect of smoking intensity on thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity and thyroid function: The Melen study","volume":"36","author":"Aydin L. 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