{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:48:11Z","timestamp":1778806091225,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of viruses that cause infection in respiratory and intestinal systems. Different types of CoVs, those responsible for the SARS\u2010CoV and the new global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 in people, have been found. Some plants were used as food additives: spices and dietary and\/or medicinal purposes in folk medicine. We aimed to provide evidence about possible effects of two Lamiaceae family plants on control or treatment of CoVs\u2010induced inflammation. The keywords including coronaviruses, <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Zataria multiflora<\/jats:italic>, thymol, carvacrol, antivirus, and anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant effects were searched in various databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences (ISI), and Google Scholar until September 2022. The medicinal herbs and their main ingredients, thymol and carvacrol, showed antiviral properties and reduced inflammatory mediators, including IL\u20101\u03b2; IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010\u03b1, at both gene and protein levels but increased the levels of IFN\u2010\u03b3 in the serum as anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine. These medicinal herbs and their constituents also reduce oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant capacity. The results of molecular docking analyses also indicated that polyphenol components such as thymol, carvone, and carvacrol could inhibit the entry of the viruses into the host cells in molecular docking analyses. The antiviral, anti\u2010inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of these plants may be due to actions of their phenolic compounds that modulate immune response and may be useful in the control and treatment of CoV\u2010induced lung disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T08:38:55Z","timestamp":1703666335000},"page":"1528-1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Lamiaceae family plants and their bioactive ingredients on coronavirus\u2010induced lung inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Kianmehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences  Esfarayen Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Khazdair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center Birjand University of Medical Sciences  Birjand Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbasali","family":"Abbasnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Gonabad University of Medical Sciences  Gonabad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eastern Medicine Government College University Faisalabad  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1999.9701104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60649-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114888"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5967"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2010.e43"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Iranian Zataria multiflora Boiss","volume":"4","author":"Alizadeh A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Biosciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Paraquat\u2010induced systemic inflammation and increased oxidative markers in rats improved by Zataria multiflora extract and carvacrol","volume":"10","author":"Amin F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","volume-title":"Popular medicinal plants of Iran","author":"Amin G. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2012.655822"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.180.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2009.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2955"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Antiviral activity of monoterpenes beta\u2010pinene and limonene against herpes simplex virus in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Astani A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.1952451"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0303316"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052164"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/802189","article-title":"Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD","volume":"2014","author":"Boskabady M. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0574-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.024"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"2988","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol and pomegranate against methotrexate\u2010induced toxicity in rats","volume":"17","author":"Celik F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153553"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Saffron can prevent chemically induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice","volume":"5","author":"Das I.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Phytoalexins: Enzymology and molecular biology","volume":"55","author":"Dixon R.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0079-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00096-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Anti\u2010hyperglycemic and anti\u2010hyperlipidemic effect of spices (Thymus vulgaris, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense) in alloxan\u2010induced diabetic rats","volume":"4","author":"Ekoh S. N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05562-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/657026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.596208"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacme.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Iranian herbal pharmacopoeia","author":"Ghasemi Dehkordi N.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2016.1173134"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153539"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115265"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12453"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117037"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-018-2984-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00144-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02685"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Protective effect of carvacrol in 6\u2010hydroxydopamine hemi\u2010parkinsonian rat model","volume":"2","author":"Hassanshahi J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Basic and Clinical Pathophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1199-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1668173"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2009.9700218"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735409360361"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-2005-46"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"The effect of carvacrol on serum cytokines and endothelin levels of ovalbumin sensitized Guinea\u2010pigs","volume":"16","author":"Jalali S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200877030327"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2808"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Anti\u2010viral effect and mechanism of carvacrol on herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"5","author":"Kamalabadi M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Laboratory"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","first-page":"2144","article-title":"Antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging and malondialdehyde scavenging activities of essential oils from different chemotypes of Zataria multiflora","volume":"26","author":"Karimian P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natural Product Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01510.x"},{"issue":"33","key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Chemical compositions and antiviral effects of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Origaunum majorana L","volume":"9","author":"Khanavi M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2021.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.319567"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2021.100010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111774"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112325"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of Zataria multiflora, geranium pelargonium, Myrth and Lemon essences on immune system function in experimental animals","volume":"62","author":"Khosravi A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"Effect of carvacrol on various cytokines genes expression in splenocytes of asthmatic mice","volume":"19","author":"Kianmehr M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2007.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1772112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1996.11515388"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-013-9732-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2011.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1727993"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.9.1017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2149328"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oil and extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss","volume":"14","author":"Moshafi M. H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","volume-title":"A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian","author":"Mozaffarian V.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: From ethnobotany to pharmacology","volume":"4","author":"Naghibi F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel051"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/104706"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00456-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.9016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30699\/jambs.29.133.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66689\/2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020148"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1478064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","volume-title":"Repurposing therapeutics for COVID\u201019: Supercomputer\u2010based docking to the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral spike protein and viral spike protein\u2010human ACE2 interface","author":"Smith M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","article-title":"Roles of pro\u2010and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE","volume":"2012","author":"Su D.\u2010L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-014-3019-7"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","article-title":"Anti\u2010influenza virus activities of commercial oregano oils and their carriers","volume":"2","author":"Vimalanathan S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0676-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05556-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav P. K. Jaiswal A. &Singh R. K.(2020).In silico study on spice\u2010derived antiviral phytochemicals against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 TMPRSS2 target.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.12753539"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06948-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47363\/JPMRS\/2021(3)145"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2015.65054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.1996.2.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.75902"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.3903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T14:21:17Z","timestamp":1709734877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.3903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.3903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.3903","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}