{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:17:53Z","timestamp":1790180273061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate detection of stale beef on the market is important for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. To this end, we combined electronic nose measurements with machine learning technology to classify beef samples. We used an electronic nose to collect information about the odor characteristics of different beef samples and used linear discriminant analysis to reduce data dimensionality. We then classified samples using the following algorithms: extreme gradient boosting, logistic regression, K\u2010nearest neighbor, random forest, support vector machine, and neural networks for pattern recognition. We assessed model performance using a 10\u2010fold cross\u2010validation technique. All these methods reached an accuracy of 95% or above, with\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 scores and AUC values above 0.96. The support vector machine algorithm outperformed all other models, achieving perfect recognition with 100% accuracy and\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1\/AUC scores of 1.0. Our study demonstrates that electronic nose data combined with support vector machine can be used to successfully discriminate between stale and fresh beef, paving the way for novel research directions in the detection of stale beef.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T02:02:58Z","timestamp":1730167378000},"page":"9856-9865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Automated detection of stale beef from electronic nose data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5957-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenshen","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Risk Assessment Lab for Agro\u2010Products (Beijing) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs  Beijing China"},{"name":"Lu'an Branch Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology  Lu'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7377-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haolin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Computer and Information China Three Gorges University  Yichang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Mechanical Electrical Engineering School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Inspection and Research Institute Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory  Shijiazhuang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3403-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingdong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering Beijing University of Agriculture  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Electrical Engineering School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20102891\u20109\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31865-1_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.10.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633\u2010019\u20101212\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"On the generalized distance in statistics","volume":"80","author":"Mahalanobis P. 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