{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:17:07Z","timestamp":1791389827471,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Liver diseases, encompassing conditions such as cirrhosis, present a substantial global health challenge with diverse etiologies, including viral infections, alcohol consumption, and non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exploration of natural compounds as therapeutic agents has gained traction, notably the herbal remedy milk thistle (\n                    <jats:italic>Silybum marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with its active extract, silymarin, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in extensive preclinical investigations. It can protect healthy liver cells or those that have not yet sustained permanent damage by reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cytotoxicity. Silymarin, a natural compound with antioxidant properties, anti\u2010inflammatory effects, and antifibrotic activity, has shown potential in treating liver damage caused by alcohol, NAFLD, drug\u2010induced toxicity, and viral hepatitis. Legalon\u00ae is a top\u2010rated medication with excellent oral bioavailability, effective absorption, and therapeutic effectiveness. Its active component, silymarin, has antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, Eurosil 85\u00ae also, a commercial product, has lipophilic properties enhanced by special formulation processes. Silymarin, during clinical trials, shows potential improvements in liver function, reduced mortality rates, and alleviation of symptoms across various liver disorders, with safety assessments showing low adverse effects. Overall, silymarin emerges as a promising natural compound with multifaceted hepatoprotective properties and therapeutic potential in liver diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T23:29:26Z","timestamp":1708126166000},"page":"3097-3111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases\u2014A comprehensive narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hafiza Madiha","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet &amp; Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"Al\u2010Asmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faima Atta","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet &amp; Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdul","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science &amp; Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences Times Institute  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliasse","family":"Zongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Sant\u00e9 et Biotechnologies Animales Universit\u00e9 Nazi BONI  Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Milk thistle for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Abenavoli L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatitis Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Pharmacological, biochemical and therapeutic potential of milk thistle (silymarin): A review","volume":"37","author":"Adetuyi B. O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"World News of Natural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2244685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63862-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-022-09812-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(17)60319-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061611"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573407219666230123122441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111942"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0572-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/livers2040023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56100544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i27.5004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","article-title":"Silymarin combined with diammonium glycyrrhizinate for prevention and treatment of liver injury induced by chemotherapy in acute leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Fengyun C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.557663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.973366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-014-3758-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01251-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103714"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"4320","article-title":"An open\u2010 label, randomized, and multi\u2010center clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of Silibinin in preventing drug\u2010induced liver injury","volume":"8","author":"Gu J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2016.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37275\/bsm.v8i1.909"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009347475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs22168690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28227608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2037374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00013J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.564768"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009623666230418121130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0861-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7936"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ajps.2022.269256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112802273353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94753-8_20-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2022.100190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113593"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9010023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i47.8263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527805921.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106679"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10070106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161140-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10018-1359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105484"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Silymarin in treatment of non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Solhi H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62632-7_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-015-0084-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0331-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.066902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4010204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i2.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3192351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010015"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Alcohol metabolism, a cascade of molecular mechanisms, cellular targets, and clinical aspects","volume":"6","author":"Teschke R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15539-5_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2020.00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10010029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.9.4.836-843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2018.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31247-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20122551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_18_100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.052423"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.4010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.4010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.4010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:16:45Z","timestamp":1790007405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.4010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.4010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.4010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}