{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1784796154608,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a research gap in understanding the relationship between nutrient deficiency and food insecurity among adolescent girls in Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between nutrient deficiencies and food insecurity among middle and high school\u2010aged girls in Kabul. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study of 380 randomly selected 11\u201318\u2010year\u2010old girls attending public schools in grades 6\u201312. We assessed girls' food insecurity, food and nutrient intake, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Nutrient consumption was calculated using Nutritionist IV software. Statistical analyses, including one\u2010way analysis of variance, Chi\u2010square tests, and t\u2010tests, were used to assess the association between dietary intake and food insecurity. More than half (52.9%) of the participants were food insecure, with 35.8% experiencing hunger and 17.1% without hunger. Vitamin B3, C, selenium, and iron had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and were the best indicators of food insecurity with and without hunger. The most prevalent nutrient deficiencies were vitamin B9 and E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc inadequacies. Food security was positively associated with fruit, vitamins E and K, dairy products (e.g., milk, yogurt, and cheese), meat products (e.g., chicken, meat, red meat, and egg), and nut intake. Our findings suggest that adolescent girls in Kabul may benefit from food programs that enrich nutrients such as B9 and E, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, which were found to be the most prevalent nutrient deficiencies. These findings highlight the importance of addressing food insecurity and nutrient deficiencies among adolescent girls in Afghanistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T04:25:31Z","timestamp":1709871931000},"page":"4623-4636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Associations between nutritional deficiencies and food insecurity among adolescent girls: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mursal","family":"Basiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Ghazanfar Institute of Health and Science, Ministry of Public Health  Kabul Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Surkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8747-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Batoul","family":"Ghosn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Esmaillzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Azadbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Afghanistan Ministry of Public Health. (2013).National Nutrition Survey (NNS)."},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Determinants of household food security in the Sekyere\u2010Afram plains district of Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Aidoo R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Scientific Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Influence of family size, household food security status, and child care practices on the nutritional status of under\u2010five children in Ile\u2010Ife, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Ajao K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.036780"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Amaza P. Umeh J. C. Helsen J. &Adejobi A.(2006).Determinants and measurements of food insecurity in Nigeria: Some empirical policy guide."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9358464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Bellows L. Moore R. Anderson J. &Young L.(2012).Water\u2010soluble vitamins: B\u2010complex and vitamin C. Food and Nutrition Series Health No. 9312."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15244-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Guide to measuring household food security","author":"Bickel G.","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The prevalence of vitamin k deficiency\/insufficiency, and recommendations for increased intake","volume":"4","author":"Bruno E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.510S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"2015","volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) anthropometry procedures manual","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Central Statistics Organization (CSO) Ministry of Public Health. (2015).Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (AfDHS) key findings."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Determinants of food insecurity: A cross \u2013 Sectional study in Tabriz","volume":"6","author":"Dastgiri S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arumsj."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2011.547827"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011504.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"The state of food insecurity in the world","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","volume-title":"The state of food insecurity in the world 2011","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"Food Security and Agriculture Cluster. (2019a).Seasonal food security assessment in Afghanistan (SFSA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","volume-title":"UNDP, USAID, MOPH seasonal food security assessment in Afghanistan (SFSA)","author":"Food Security and Agriculture Cluster","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.5.1409S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004608"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2225"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.767590"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4275148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.185494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002515"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.3.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000342"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","unstructured":"Lentz C. B. B. E. C.(2009).Food insecurity."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8441-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0228"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"Nutritional sources of vitamin K. Mayo Clinic proceedings","author":"Lipsky J. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","volume-title":"Conserving food value, flavor, and attractiveness in cooking vegetables","author":"Marsh R. L.","year":"1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","unstructured":"Mashal M. T. &Hadad. (2013).Afghanistan National Nutrition Survey."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.000216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1755-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","volume-title":"Recommended dietary allowances","author":"National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(02)00419-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i3.16828"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191726"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","unstructured":"Pankomera P. Houssou N. &Zeller M.(2009).Household food security in Malawi: measurements determinants and policy review. Conference on International Research on Food Security Natural Resources Management and Rural Development."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017700230"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Prevalence of household food insecurity in the City of shiraz and its association with socio\u2010economic and demographic factors, 2008","volume":"4","author":"Ramesh T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12414-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Adolescent girls' nutrition and prevention of anaemia: A school based multisectoral collaboration in Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Roche M. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-012-0130-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01629578"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","volume-title":"Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development","author":"Sachs J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13590849961717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Anorexia of aging","volume":"109","author":"Silver A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"893","article-title":"Socio\u2010demographic determinants of household food insecurity among Iranian: A population\u2010based study from northwest of Iran","volume":"47","author":"Tabrizi J. S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-016-0083-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","volume-title":"UNESCO data centre","author":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2016.1256222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002309"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","unstructured":"WFP. (2020).WFP Afghanistan country brief.www.wfp.org\/countries\/Afghanistan"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","volume-title":"Food security update World Bank response to rising food insecurity","author":"World Bank","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","volume-title":"The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","volume-title":"Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02634930600903007"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.4065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:45:02Z","timestamp":1721814302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.4065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.4065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.4065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}