{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:58:28Z","timestamp":1791230308454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the last decade, nanotechnology has attained a significant place among the scientific community for the biosynthesis of plant\u2010based nanoparticles owing to its effective, safe, and eco\u2010friendly nature. Hence, keeping in view the significance of nanotechnology, the current study was conducted to develop, characterize (UV\u2013visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy), and assess the antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) properties of <jats:italic>Peganum harmala<\/jats:italic> L. Extract\u2010based Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Characteristic absorption peaks at 420 and 540\u2009nm revealed the formation of AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. SEM images revealed that both silver and gold nanoparticles were oval and spherical with average size ranging from 42 to 72 and 12.6 to 35.7\u2009nm, respectively. Similarly, FT\u2010IR spectra revealed that the functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyphenolic groups of biomolecules present in the extract are possibly responsible for reducing metallic ions and the formation of nanoparticles. Likewise, the EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver and gold in synthesized NPs. Furthermore, the AgNPs and AuNPs showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities. The maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity was noticed for <jats:italic>P. harmala<\/jats:italic> extract against <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeroginosa<\/jats:italic> (21\u2009mm) and <jats:italic>Candida albicon<\/jats:italic> (18\u2009mm), respectively. Whereas, the maximum antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthesized AgNPs were observed against <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic> (25\u2009mm) and <jats:italic>Penicillium notatum<\/jats:italic> (36\u2009mm), respectively. Moreover, in the case of AuNPs, the highest antibacterial and antifungal activity of synthesized AuNPs was noticed against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (25\u2009mm) and <jats:italic>C. albicon<\/jats:italic> (31\u2009mm), respectively. Findings of this study revealed that <jats:italic>P. harmala<\/jats:italic> extract and biosynthesized NPs (silver and gold) possessed significant antibacterial and antifungal properties against different bacterial (<jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. aeroginosa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>) and fungal (<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aspergillus Niger<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P. notatum<\/jats:italic>) strains. Further studies must be carried out to assess the probable mechanism of action associated with these antimicrobial properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T06:39:55Z","timestamp":1710916795000},"page":"4459-4472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["<i>Peganum harmala<\/i> L. extract\u2010based Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (<scp>NPs<\/scp>): Green synthesis, characterization, and assessment of antibacterial and antifungal properties"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Izaz","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdur","family":"Rauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3662-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anees Ahmed","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Luqman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Studies University of Sargodha  Sargodha Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rezaul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Birulia  Savar Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Hemeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences Taibah University  Al\u2010Madinah Al\u2010Monawara Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya S.","family":"Al\u2010Awthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi 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