{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:22:13Z","timestamp":1792981333401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Varicocele (VC) is widely recognized as a prevalent etiological factor contributing to male infertility. It has been established that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a significant role in the progression and development of VC. Antioxidants may regulate ROS levels in these patients. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a carotenoid compound with notable antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory characteristics. The current study postulated that the administration of ASX following varicocelectomy (VCT) could potentially enhance antioxidant status and semen quality in these patients. A total of 40 infertile males with clinical VC and abnormal semen analyses were randomly assigned to take part in the current trial. For 3 months following surgery, the intervention group took ASX (6\u2009mg\/day) while the control group received a placebo. After intervention, semen parameters,\n                    <jats:sub>antioxidant<\/jats:sub>\n                    status,\n                    <jats:sub>and<\/jats:sub>\n                    pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines were compared between the two groups. Regarding semen parameters, antioxidant treatment led to a significant improvement in total and progressive motility in the treatment group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Additionally, ASX led to a considerable increase in the expression levels of NRF2, Keap1, SOD2, SOD3, and BCL2, though the enhancement in the expression level of SOD3 was not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). However, ASX significantly decreased the BAX expression level (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Even though the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of seminal fluid (SF) increased significantly in the treatment group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), the level of total oxidative stress (TOS) in SF did not differ substantially between treatment and control groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Based on inflammatory factors in SF, ASX led to a considerable reduction in levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20106 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Our findings demonstrated that ASX treatment provides an important contribution to VCT outcomes by modulating antioxidant status and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicated that ASX may be beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for infertile men following VCT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T07:39:37Z","timestamp":1724053177000},"page":"7977-7988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The effect of astaxanthin after varicocele surgery on antioxidant status and semen quality in infertile men: A triple\u2010blind randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shimal","family":"Ayub\u00a0Mohammed\u00a0Salih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9020-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoome","family":"Jabarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Sedighi\u00a0Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesamoddin","family":"Sajadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Saedi\u00a0Marghmaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shabani\u00a0Nashtaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardin","family":"Amidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61190-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287216652779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1820","article-title":"Astaxanthin reduces the severity of intestinal damage in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"39","author":"Akduman H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"The role of vitamin E \u2013 selenium \u2013 folic acid supplementation in improving sperm parameters after varicocelectomy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Ardestani Zadeh A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557521666210505112834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-013-9961-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00099-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18565\/urol.2017.3.22-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.11.016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1884","article-title":"Astaxanthin prevents against lipopolysaccharide\u2010induced acute lung injury and sepsis via inhibiting activation of MAPK\/NF\u2010\u03baB","volume":"11","author":"Cai X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225342"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2005.00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2021.1995540"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Astaxanthin protects human granulosa cells against oxidative stress through activation of NRF2\/ARE pathway and its downstream phase II enzymes","volume":"23","author":"Eslami M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142640"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md9030447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.210153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01790-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02432-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022014000300015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55809-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13042105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-014-1167-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022017000401597"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12511"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"The modulating effects of astaxanthin on apoptosis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Jabarpour M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28956-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-018-0109-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0212-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111374"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2020-0062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706517200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2223-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.94.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf991106k"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.312694"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4783"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","first-page":"2635","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of dietary vitamin C and exercise interventions on fertility parameters in Normal obese men","volume":"13","author":"Rafiee B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20724"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1144323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","volume-title":"WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile male","author":"Rowe P. J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.06.056"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Nandrolone decanoate administration can increase apoptosis in spermatogenesis cell lines in male rats","volume":"1","author":"Shokri S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","article-title":"Antioxidants in the treatment of male factor infertility: Results from the double blind, multi\u2010center, randomized controlled males, antioxidants, and infertility (MOXI) trial","volume":"33","author":"Steiner A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01639-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3849692"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325819878537"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","first-page":"1799","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates varicocele\u2010induced testicular oxidative injury in rats by activating the Nrf2\u2010antioxidant system","volume":"17","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","volume-title":"WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90268-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000497"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1302-136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12685"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.4365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:14:27Z","timestamp":1744478067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.4365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.4365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.4365","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}