{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:42:48Z","timestamp":1786977768983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The genus\n Crataegus<\/jats:italic>\n , belonging to the Rosaceae family, exhibits widespread distribution across Iran, comprising 17 species. Hawthorn has garnered significant attention in recent years as a prominent herbal remedy in phytotherapy and culinary applications. Various plant parts, including flowers, leaves, and fruits, have been traditionally employed to address cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, hypotension, palpitations, and cardiac arrhythmias. The presence of bioactive phytochemicals, notably polyphenols and anthocyanins, confers antispasmodic and analgesic properties to hawthorn. This study investigated the bioactive capacity of mature fruits from five\n Crataegus persica<\/jats:italic>\n ecotypes indigenous to Iran. High\u2010performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to elucidate the phenolic profile, although morphological characteristics and antimicrobial properties were also assessed. The ecotypes under investigation were sourced from elevations ranging from 1205 to 1681\u2009m above sea level. Morphological analysis revealed that fruit weight varied from 0.84 to 2.53\u2009g, whereas pericarp weight ranged from 0.21 to 1.19\u2009g. The number of seeds per fruit fluctuated between 1 and 3. HPLC analysis identified the primary phenolic compounds in\n \n C. persica<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n as catechin,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010coumaric acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. Biochemical characterization of the ecotypes yielded the following ranges: total soluble solids (TSS) 10.31\u00b0Brix\u201318.53\u00b0Brix, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) 8.34%\u201316.65%, vitamin C content 4.24\u201312.38\u2009mg\u2009g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n DW, total carotenoid content 185.32\u2013294.4\u2009\u03bcg\u2009g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n DW, and total anthocyanin content 43.21\u201385.34\u2009mg C3G g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n DW. Total phenolic compounds ranged from 170.52 to 254.31\u2009mg GAE g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n DW, whereas total flavonoid content varied between 59.28 and 84.41\u2009mg RE g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n DW. Antioxidant activity, as determined by IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n values, ranged from 14.47 to 37.51\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the\n \n C. persica<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n extract exhibited maximum efficacy against\n \n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , with the\n CP3<\/jats:italic>\n ecotype extract displaying a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125\u2009mg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of five distinct\n \n C. persica<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ecotypes (\n CP1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CP2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CP3<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CP4<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n CP5<\/jats:italic>\n ) revealed substantial diversity in terms of morphological traits, functional bioactive compounds, and antimicrobial potential. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the phytochemical composition and potential therapeutic applications of\n Crataegus persica<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T22:20:13Z","timestamp":1736461213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Activities in Iranian\n Crataegus persica<\/i>\n Ecotypes for Potential Food and Medicinal Uses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Eghlima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Aghamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meisam","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Ilam University Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanifeh","family":"Seyed Hajizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Maragheh Maragheh Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozkan","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute Erzincan Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Western Caspian University Baku Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Changes in Glycyrrhizin Content of Iranian Licorice (\n Glycyrrhiza glabra\n L.) 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M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agricultural Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2018.1446146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201050135\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Nutritional and Medicinal Components of \n Crataegus azarolus\n Fruits","volume":"597","author":"Bignami C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Part II)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38212\/2224\u20106614.2748"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2016.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60361"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Evaluation of Hawthorn (\n Crataegus monogyna\n Jacq.) Fruits and Leaves Extracts","volume":"10","author":"Deki\u0107 V.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of Natural Sciences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.11.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Mediterranean Medlar Fruit (\n Crataegus azarolus\n L.): Preliminary Study of Underutilized Genetic Resources as a Potential Source of Health\u2010Promoting Compound for Food Supplements","volume":"56","author":"Donno D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Food & Nutrition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633\u2010023\u201002660\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22059\/ijhst.2020.287117.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117568"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"2709","article-title":"Phenols, Essential Oils and Carotenoids of \n Rosa canina\n From Tunisia and Their Antioxidant Activities","volume":"9","author":"Ghazghazi H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2154893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/0717\u20106287\u201047\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13480"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch71"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anthocyanidins and Anthocyanins: Colored Pigments as Food, Pharmaceutical Ingredients, and the Potential Health Benefits","volume":"16","author":"Khoo H. E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food & Nutrition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56093\/ijas.v89i1.86197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf202465u"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Environmental Influences on Essential Oils in Roots of \n Anemopsis californica","volume":"42","author":"Medina\u2010Holguin B. A. L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horticultural Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Wild Loquat (\n Eriobotrya japonica\n Lindl.) Genotypes in Turkey","volume":"87","author":"Okatan V.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678\u20104499.20180386"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.032"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Variation in the Phenolic Compounds Profile and Antioxidant Activity in Different Parts of Hawthorn (\n Crataegus pentagyna\n Willd.) 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