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For this purpose, acid, bile salt, pancreatin, pepsin, phenol, and lysozyme tolerance, co\u2010aggregation and auto\u2010aggregation properties, phytase production, antibiotic resistance, and antibacterial properties were analyzed in\u00a0vitro. The strain had relatively poor acid, bile salt, and pepsin tolerance. However, the strain showed a high pancreatin, lysozyme, and phenol tolerance. In addition, it exhibited moderate co\u2010aggregation with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and good autoaggregation. Furthermore, the cell\u2010free supernatant of\n                    <jats:italic>Lb<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    4 N\u20106 showed a high antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (N32),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (RK\u2010485), and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (RK\u2010487). 4 N\u20106 was resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin, and ceflazidime. The 4 N\u20106 strain did not show hemolytic activity. In addition, this strain was found to be able to produce phytase. All the findings obtained indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Lb<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    4 N\u20106 is promising as a potential probiotic candidate and has superior properties that can be evaluated as a probiotic in the future. However, further research and in\u00a0vivo studies are needed to fully understand its mechanism of action and optimize its use as a probiotic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T23:48:48Z","timestamp":1745538528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of Probiotic Properties of\n                    <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei<\/i>\n                    4 N\u20106 Strain Isolated From Cow Milk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neslihan","family":"Dikba\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Faculty Ataturk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf 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