{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:04:27Z","timestamp":1785269067828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023918","name":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Dhanaan<\/jats:italic> is a spontaneously fermented camel milk that is popular in the Somali regional state of Ethiopia and plays a significant role in the livelihoods of pastoral communities. This study aimed to investigate traditional fermentation methods of <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> in these communities. Four districts, namely, Gursum, Shabelle, Degehabur, and Birqot, were purposively selected on the basis of camel rearing, camel milk production, and consumption. A cross\u2010sectional survey of traditional fermentation methods, handling, utilization, and the claimed therapeutic effects of <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> was conducted using both open\u2010 and closed\u2010ended questions in the districts. The traditional preparation of <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> involves spontaneous fermentation of camel milk at ambient conditions for approximately 48\u201372\u2009h in smoked plastic jerry cans (90%). In most districts, <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> preparation was done on a weekly basis (&gt;\u200950%), except in Birqot, where the majority (54%) of participants prepared it on a daily basis. The majority of participants (&gt;\u200995%) had never attended any food hygiene training programs. Over 80% of the participants consumed <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> as a traditional medicine to treat conditions such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, gastric pain, fever, and diabetes. In conclusion, <jats:italic>dhanaan<\/jats:italic> preparation requires the use of best practices if the quality and safety of products are to be guaranteed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:34:11Z","timestamp":1747654451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fermentation, Handling and Claimed Therapeutic Effects of <i>Dhanaan<\/i>: An Ethiopian Fermented Camel Milk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8158-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiruha H.","family":"Karssa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Agro\u2010Processing Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Biology Hawassa University  Hawassa Ethiopia"},{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal B.","family":"Kussaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Agro\u2010Processing Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Semedo\u2010Lemsaddek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovin K.","family":"Mugula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Agro\u2010Processing Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1357562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1555133"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effect of Traditional Smoking and Cleaning of Milk Equipment With Different Plants and Herbs on Keeping Quality and Organoleptic Properties of Raw Milk in Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Asefa Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Sciences & Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Asres A. andM.Yusuf.2014. \u201cTraditional Consumption Therapeutic Value and Its Derived Dairy Products of Dromedary Camel (Camelus Dromedaries) Milk in Somali Regional State Eastern Ethiopia; A Review.\u201d4 no.25:140\u2013146."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2020.103038"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Traditional Fermented Dairy Products of Ethiopia: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Berhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"East African Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz128"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"2223","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Microbiological Quality of Dhanaan: Traditional Fermented Camel Milk Produced in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"Biratu K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17352\/jfsnt.000029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2022.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2675894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570\u2010019\u20100147\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2015\u201005\u2010296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20431\/2349\u20100365.0709002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296\u2010023\u201005516\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25877"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jef.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010022\u201003214\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538\u2010022\u201000130\u2010w"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"484","article-title":"Assessment of Market and Marketing System of Raw Camel Milk in Gursum District, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Omer A. 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