{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:32:43Z","timestamp":1788179563674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The process of microencapsulation is used to coat essential oils that are vulnerable to oxidation, dampness, UV light, and high temperatures. It serves to shield the active chemicals from the environment while boosting the core material's controlled release, stability, and solubility. This work used spray and freeze\u2010drying procedures to microencapsulate essential oil extracted from\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus schimperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. schimperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) leaves using hydro distillation. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of gum Arabic as a coating agent on the physicochemical properties of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. schimperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    essential oil microcapsules through spray and freeze\u2010drying encapsulation procedures. Water content, surface morphology, solubility, bulk density, tapped density, surface oil, flowability, particle mean diameter, and other physical and chemical properties were examined. The physico\u2010chemical properties of the microencapsulated samples were examined, including their releasing property, functional group identification, thermal property, and storage stability. The features of microcapsules made by spray drying differ greatly from those made by freeze drying. According to the results, spray drying was shown to have a higher encapsulation efficiency (71.05%) than freeze drying (68.89%). The solubility index of spray\u2010dried microcapsules was higher than that of freeze\u2010dried microcapsules. When compared to freeze\u2010dried encapsulated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. schimperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    EO, the bulk density of spray\u2010dried encapsulated EO is lower, whereas the tapped density is reversed. Compared to freeze\u2010dried microcapsules, spray\u2010dried microcapsules had a more spherical shape.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:24:28Z","timestamp":1752467068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of Microencapsulated\n                    <i>Thymus schimperi<\/i>\n                    Essential Oil Prepared by Spray and Freeze\u2010Drying Using Gum Arabic as Carrier Material"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yisgedu","family":"Asres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Addis Ababa Science and Technology University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Food Engineering Debre Birhan University  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariaya","family":"Hymete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habtamu","family":"Admassu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Process Engineering Program Addis Ababa Science and Technology University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence Addis Ababa Science and Technology University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amare","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Debre Birhan University  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-1929\/agriambi.v23n2p133-137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102621.2012.03100.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"499","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Peppermint Oil by Spray Drying","volume":"6","author":"Badee A. 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