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PGB exposure led to significant biochemical disturbances, including elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH), impaired kidney markers (urea, creatinine, uric acid), reduced reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH), and notable histopathological damage in liver, kidney, and testicular tissues. Treatment with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. comosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    extract effectively restored liver and kidney functions and partially corrected hormonal imbalances. The extract reduced AST, ALT, and LDH levels by 18.5%, 25.2%, and 13.7%, respectively. Similarly, urea, creatinine, and uric acid decreased by 30.3%, 38.0%, and 15.2%. Testosterone and LH levels improved, suggesting enhanced reproductive recovery. Histological analyses confirmed reduced inflammation, necrosis, and congestion in treated tissues. Supporting these findings, in silico docking studies showed strong interactions between\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. comosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    phytochemicals and molecular targets linked to toxicity pathways. Quercetin demonstrated the strongest binding (\u22128.1 to \u22129.2\u2009kcal\/mol), particularly with LXR\u2010\u03b1 and GLUT\u20101. Rutin showed the highest affinity for GnRH1\u2010R (\u221210.4\u2009kcal\/mol), while caffeic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid also exhibited strong interactions, especially with \u03b22 AR (\u22128.9\u2009kcal\/mol). In contrast, PGB displayed weaker binding (\u22126.0\u2009kcal\/mol). These results highlight the protective effects of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. comosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and support its potential as a natural remedy for mitigating PGB\u2010induced hepatorenal and reproductive toxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T07:15:45Z","timestamp":1753427745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective Effects of\n                    <i>Calligonum comosum<\/i>\n                    as a Natural Remedy to Counteract Pregabalin\u2010Induced Toxicity: Insights From Chemical Profiling, In\u00a0Vivo, and In Silico Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Smail","family":"Mehda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Department of Agronomy University of El Oued  El Oued Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture University of El Oued  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibtissam","family":"Laib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture University of El Oued  El Oued Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology El Oued University  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feriel","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology El Oued University  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raounek","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology El Oued University  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Benaissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VPRS Laboratory, Chemistry Department Faculty of Mathematics and Matter Sciences. University of KASDI Merbah  Ouargla Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attia","family":"Hanane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology El Oued University  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khiari","family":"Rayhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology El Oued University  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Bellabidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Saharan Agriculture  El Oued Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Alsaeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Croun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europ\u00e9en des Membranes, IEM, UMR\u20105635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhael","family":"Bechelany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europ\u00e9en des Membranes, IEM, UMR\u20105635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Functional Materials Group Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST)  Al\u2010Abdullah Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Barhoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Helwan University  Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"Chemical and BioPharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Campus  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic and Gastroprotective Effects of Calligonum comosum in Rats and Mice","volume":"6","author":"Abdallah H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Toxicology and Pharmacology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_670_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"AI Naqbi K. 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