{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:49:01Z","timestamp":1788994141327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The result of combined supplementation of gallic acid and vitamin C on histopathological changes in the retina of type 2 diabetic rats induced with fructose and streptozotocin (STZ) was studied. Albino male rats (numbering 25) were assigned into five groups of five rats each as follows: Normal control and diabetic control (non\u2010diabetic and diabetic rats given rat feeds and water); diabetic\u2009+\u2009gallic acid (diabetic rats given gallic acid, 20\u2009mg\/kg, orally), diabetic\u2009+\u2009vitamin C (diabetic rats given vitamin C, 25\u2009mg\/kg, orally), diabetic\u2009+\u2009gallic acid\u2009+\u2009vitamin C (diabetic rats given gallic acid, 20\u2009mg\/kg and vitamin C, 25\u2009mg\/kg, orally). The study lasted for 10\u2009weeks. The diabetic rats had a marked increase (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin resistance (IR), lipase, dyslipidemia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pro\u2010apoptotic marker level, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, and a significant decline (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in pancreatic beta cell function index (HOMA\u2010\u03b2), serum levels of amylase and vitamin C, body weights, anti\u2010apoptotic marker level as well as histopathological changes in their retina. These changes were improved after supplementing with gallic acid, vitamin C, and their combination. The HOMA\u2010\u03b2 levels of the diabetic rats that received vitamin C (1.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.59) and the combination of gallic acid and vitamin C (0.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.77) were significantly higher (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than the diabetic rats that received gallic acid (\u22120.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.62) while their HbA1C and VEGF levels were lower (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than the diabetic rats that received gallic acid. Vitamin C treatment was better than gallic acid, and its combination with gallic acid enhanced the therapeutic effect of gallic acid.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T12:00:51Z","timestamp":1753790451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gallic Acid and Vitamin C Mitigate Histopathological Changes in the Retina by Attenuating Dyslipidemia and Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in the Eyes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Induced With Fructose\/Streptozotocin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Kunming Children's Hospital  Kunming 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