{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:07:33Z","timestamp":1790172453367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Omega\u20103 fatty acids have neuroprotective properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of omega\u20103 fatty acids supplementation on the serum levels of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), high\u2010sensitivity C\u2010reactive protein (hs\u2010CRP), physical activity, and chronic fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In a double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial, 68 MS patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group receiving omega\u20103 fatty acids soft gels (1000\u2009mg) twice a day for 12\u2009weeks and the placebo group similarly taking paraffin soft gels. Serum concentrations of BDNF and hs\u2010CRP were assessed before and after the intervention. Chronic fatigue, physical activity, and dietary intake of omega\u20103 fatty acids were evaluated. Initial comparisons between the intervention and control groups showed no significant differences for BDNF and hs\u2010CRP levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.321 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.996, respectively). Following the intervention, both groups showed a significant increase in their BDNF levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, there were no significant differences in post\u2010intervention levels of BDNF and hs\u2010CRP serum levels between groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.427,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.695, respectively). This finding was further supported by the Quade nonparametric analysis of covariance, adjusted for baseline values, which indicated that omega\u20103 fatty acid supplementation had no significant effect on BDNF or hs\u2010CRP levels in patients with MS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.644 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.533, respectively). After the intervention, hs\u2010CRP changes were 1.5 folds greater in female patients than in male patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.005). Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups in baseline or post\u2010intervention physical activity levels or chronic fatigue (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), suggesting that omega\u20103 fatty acid supplementation did not influence physical activity or fatigue. Omega\u20103 fatty acids supplementation has no significant effect on BDNF and hs\u2010CRP serum levels, fatigue, or physical activity capacity among MS patients. However, gender\u2010specific differential hs\u2010CRP response suggests a possible sex\u2010related anti\u2010inflammatory effect, which deserves further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T06:56:40Z","timestamp":1756796200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Omega\u20103 Fatty Acids Supplementation and Neuroprotection, Inflammation, Fatigue, and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Golabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Robahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Madjdinasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Kamyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-6881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahshid","family":"Naghashpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201041623\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1659560"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2023.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787\u2010025\u201001744\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20107836.2007.02851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/798285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.865866"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256\u2010012\u20100002\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b35225"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Bhatt D. 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