{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:08:49Z","timestamp":1790172529567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Monoterpenes like thymol and carvacrol are recognized for their anti\u2010inflammatory and anticancer properties, predominantly found in the\n                    <jats:italic>Lamiaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family, particularly in\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, but also present in\n                    <jats:italic>Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Apiaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    families. This review explores their anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms, and synergism with other cancer therapies. The data was collected by using several keywords and MeSH terms, and data from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science indicate that thymol and carvacrol modulate key signaling pathways, including MAPK\/ERK, PI3K\/AKT, Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin, JAK\/STAT, HH\/GLI, and NF\u2010\u03baB. They upregulate pro\u2010apoptotic genes (\n                    <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bak<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bid<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>SIVA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) while downregulating anti\u2010apoptotic genes (\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl\u2010xL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>XIAP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>cIAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0\/G1 and G2\/M phases. Thymol derivatives, such as 1,2,3\u2010triazoles and carvacrol, effectively target breast cancer (BC) through PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and NOTCH pathways and inhibit\n                    <jats:italic>PIK3CA<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. In lung cancer (LC), they act as SphK1 inhibitors in NSCLC H1299 and A549 cell lines. Additionally, thymol exhibits anti\u2010EGFR activity, while carvacrol modulates the HIF\u20101\u03b1\/VEGF pathway, making them potential candidates for colorectal cancer (CRC) management. In\u00a0vitro studies confirm their efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines (MCF\u20107, HT\u201029, HeLa, PC\u20103, HepG2, HL\u201060), while in\u00a0vivo animal models highlight their antiproliferative and antitumor effects. Their synergistic potential with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other bioactive compounds strengthens their therapeutic promise. However, challenges such as stability, bioavailability, and the need for clinical trials hinder their clinical application. This review is the first to comprehensively report thymol and carvacrol in a single study, offering new insights into their anticancer potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T04:18:06Z","timestamp":1757996286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Thymol and Carvacrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Synergy With Conventional Therapies in Cancer Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Mujtaba","family":"Noman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Tauseef","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehnshah","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Maaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimen","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzzamal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Government College University Faisalabad  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology University of Narowal  Narowal Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mujtaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical &amp; Life Sciences Kohsar University Murree  Murree Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Tajammal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science &amp; Technology (NIFSAT) University of Agriculture Faisalabad  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suliman A.","family":"Alsagaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences Majmaah University  AL\u2010Majmaah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Al Abdulmonem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine Qassim University  Buraidah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asif","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-1770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Entessar","family":"Al Jbawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sugar Beet Research Department Crop Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)  Damascus Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25163\/angiotherapy.819441"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113799"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205\u2010025\u201004250\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1064191"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","first-page":"2367","article-title":"In Vivo Antitumor Potential of Carvacerol Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rat Model","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed H. 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