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However, the poor stability and low bioavailability of proanthocyanidins significantly limit their therapeutic applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lyoprotectants on proanthocyanidin nanoliposome freeze\u2010dried powder (PCNL\u2010FD), characterize its structural properties, evaluate its in\u00a0vitro antioxidant capacity and explore its protective effects in a celiac disease cell model. The addition of 4% trehalose as a lyoprotectant effectively maintained the encapsulation efficiency and redispersion stability of PCNL\u2010FD. FTIR and TEM analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of proanthocyanidins into the phospholipid bilayer. In\u00a0vitro antioxidant assays showed that PCNL\u2010FD exhibited significantly higher DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities compared to free proanthocyanidins. In the p31\u201043 peptide\u2010induced celiac disease Caco\u20102 cell model, PCNL\u2010FD significantly reduced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS and MDA levels while increasing GSH levels and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT). The formulation showed anti\u2010inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106) and promoting anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20104, IL\u201010). In addition, PCNL\u2010FD activated the Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of NQO\u20101 and HO\u20101. This nanoliposomal delivery system effectively overcame the bioavailability and stability limitations of free proanthocyanidins, providing new insights into the management of oxidative stress in inflammatory diseases such as celiac disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:19:10Z","timestamp":1758946750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective Effects Proanthocyanidin Nanoliposome Freeze\u2010Dried Powder on Oxidative Injury in a p31\u201043 Induced Celiac Disease Cell Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Linlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Kunmiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Tiantian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Hanshuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qingdao University  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Processing Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7635-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren","family":"Hongtao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Food  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Long Hu Laboratory  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center of National Animal Lmmunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102003\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102249.2011.04545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.05.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432\u20101033.1991.tb16346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694\u2010020\u201000523\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035470\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui C. 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