{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:07:46Z","timestamp":1790168866268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Edible oil and chitosan were extracted from the flour of four edible winged termite species (\n                    <jats:italic>Macrotermes subhylanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Macrotermes bellicosus, Pseudocanthotermes spriniger<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Odontotermes lateritius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), characterized for physico\u2010chemical properties, and the antimicrobial activity of extracted chitosan was assessed against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Mechanical pressing yielded the significantly highest oil quantity (37.42%\u201338.50%) throughout all the species, followed by microwave\u2010assisted oil extraction. Overall, the significantly lowest oil yield was observed in the conventional soxhlet extraction method (8.05%\u201318.92%). Generally, the extracted termite oils appeared as clear, golden\u2010to\u2010light yellow liquids. Oil solidification temperature ranged from 10.1\u00b0C to 12.9\u00b0C, whereas the refractive index ranged from 1.23 to 1.46. Mechanically pressed oil produced the highest iodine (111\u2013121\u2009g iodine\/100\u2009g oil) and saponification value (110.41\u2013113.92\u2009mg KOH\/g). The total cholesterol content of termite oils ranged from 24.98 to 39.00\u2009mg\/100\u2009mL, and ultrasound\u2010assisted oil extraction yielded the lowest total cholesterol content.\n                    <jats:italic>M. bellicosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    oil had the highest total cholesterol content. Fermentation yielded the highest demineralization percentage (93.8%\u201396.0%), whereas the chemical method produced the highest deproteinization percentage (42.59%\u201349.71%) and chitosan yield (6.05%\u20137.00%).\n                    <jats:italic>M. subhyalinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. bellicosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    produced higher chitosan yields than other termite species. Termite chitosan showed the highest antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , followed by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Chemically\u2010extracted chitosan exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than enzymatically extracted chitosan. From the present study, edible winged termites can be utilized as an unconventional source of chitosan for antimicrobial activity and low cholesterol edible cooking oil.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T07:26:54Z","timestamp":1758871614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Ability of Chitosan and Edible Oil From Ugandan Winged Termites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babirye","family":"Khadijah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agribusiness and Natural Resource Sciences Islamic University in Uganda  Mbale Uganda"},{"name":"Halal Assurance Institute Uganda  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Ahmad Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrul Razid","family":"Sarbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia Kampus Bintulu Sarawak (UPMKB)  Bintulu Sarawak Malaysia"},{"name":"Halal Product Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia  Serdang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqsa","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135099"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v20i3.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijb.v4n4p54"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly\u20102023\u20100064"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of Fatty Acids Levels of Freeze\u2010Dried Termite Queen Macrotermes Gilvus Hagen Using Gas Chromatography\u2010Mass Spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Alen Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2394798"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15030080"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690\u2010020\u201000305\u20106"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Nutritional Potential of Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman, 1781) (Isoptera: Termitidae), One of the Most Commercialized Edible Insect Species in Togo","volume":"20","author":"Badanaro F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Scientific Research of the University of Lom\u00e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00475-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed082p103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14132333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5967.2009.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.59958"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14020203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2007.247.251"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Potentials of the Oils of Some Popular Insects Consumed in Southern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ekpo K. E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399\u2010024\u201005982\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12030464"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2015.\u201cRegulation (EU) 2015\/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on Novel Foods: Amending Regulation (EU) No 1169\/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Repealing Regulation (EC) No 258\/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852\/2001.\u201dOfficial Journal of the European Union L 327\u2013321."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744\u20107917.12449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2008.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101943"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201012150\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/765\/1\/012057"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","volume-title":"Overview of the Current EU Framework and Regulatory Roadmap on Insects as Foods and Feeds, Insects for Food and Feed: Opportunities for Tackling Societal Challenges","author":"Juelicher S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2024.2393277"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61171\/v02.02.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2025.2544935"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","unstructured":"Khadijah B.2025.\u201cDiversity of Insect Products on the Global Market: A Reality Whose Halal Status Must be Unravelled\u201dArticle in press.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/390275568."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18483\/ijSci.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"Kinyuru J. N.2009.\u201cNutrient Composition and Utilization of Edible Termites (Macrotermes Subhylanus) and Grasshoppers (Ruspolia Differenes) From Lake Victoria Region of Kenya.\u201d Msc. Thesis Food Science and Technology. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690\u2010020\u201000337\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-018-4152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122417"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8110572"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","unstructured":"Liceaga A. A. F.San Martin O.Jones J. M.Garcia Bravo I.Kaplan andA.Bhunia.2021.\u201cPurification and Characterization ofAcheta domesticusandGryllodes sigillatusCricket Chitin and Chitosan for Bioactive and Biodegradable Food Packaging Applications.\u201d PhD Thesis Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.030"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Chemical Aspects of Human Consumption of Termites in Africa","volume":"44","author":"Mabossy\u2010Mobouna G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geo\u2010Eco\u2010Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030226w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.115802"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27155005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201600134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2168620"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064864"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/allergies5020015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600520"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541\u20104337.13199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121670"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201081880\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-23934-2.00014-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2018.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2023.104927"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","unstructured":"Vanqa N.2022.\u201cThe Impact of Composition and Techno\u2010Functional Properties of Edible Insect (Macrotermes subhyalinus Gonimbrasia belinaandHermetia illucens) Flours on the Nutritional and Sensorial Profile of Biscuits.\u201d Msc. Thesis. Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Applied Science Cape Peninsula University of Technology Bellville South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747\u20100080.2007.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196339"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.71013","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:48:27Z","timestamp":1790167707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.71013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.71013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.71013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71013"}}