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This is the first study to investigate the protective effect of betaine (BTN) against PTL\u2010induced liver injury. Rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097 per group): control (saline), BTN (100 mg\/kg\/day), PTL (2\u2009mg\/kg\/day), PTL\u2009+\u2009BTN (2 and 50\u2009mg\/kg\/day), and PTL\u2009+\u2009BTN (2 and 100\u2009mg\/kg\/day). After the rats received 2\u2009mg\/kg body weight PTL intraperitoneally for the first five consecutive days, BTN was administered orally for 10\u2009days. Our results indicate that BTN restores liver antioxidant levels (SOD, FRAP, and GSH), improves liver function by lowering AST and ALT levels, and attenuates PTL\u2010induced lipid peroxidation. In the livers of PTL\u2010treated rats, BTN significantly decreased the levels of NF\u2010\u03baB and TNF\u2010\u03b1 proteins and the ratio of caspase\u20103\/pro\u2010caspase\u20103, whereas it increased the levels of Nrf2, LC3\u2010II\/LC3\u2010I, and Bcl\u20102. In summary, the results of this study suggest that BTN may ameliorate PTL\u2010induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:40:28Z","timestamp":1760676028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Betaine Mitigates Paclitaxel\u2010Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeel","family":"Babaeenezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Health Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences  Khorramabad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine Lorestan University of Medical Sciences  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Moammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences Lorestan University  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Joudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences Lorestan University  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Dezfoulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine Lorestan University  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Yarahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Health Research Center Lorestan University of Medical Sciences  Khorramabad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine Lorestan University of Medical Sciences  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seifollah","family":"Bahramikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences Lorestan University  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13394"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","article-title":"Scope and Limitation of Study in Social Research","volume":"105","author":"Akanle O.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Social Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1724"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-023-03535-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2738351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers7040897"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02887-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang M. 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