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Chips are prone to acrylamide (AA) formation, as a suspected carcinogen. In the present study, an in\u2010house sample preparation procedure and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) method were developed and validated to monitor AA in 113 potato chip samples from Iranian brands during two periods: 2016\u20132017 and 2020\u20132021. AA risk assessment was performed by applying conventional and new approaches, using the calculations of Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), source related Hazard Quotient (HQs), Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), and Margin of Exposure (MOE) for various age and gender groups. The prevalence of acrylamide contamination increased from 13% (25.1\u2009ng\/g) to 31% (31.9\u2009ng\/g) between the first and second periods. The noncarcinogenic risk index (THQ) increased in 2020\u20132021, approximately 20% higher than in 2016\u20132017, with children at higher risk. MOE values indicate that the neoplastic effects of AA in chips can be threatening in both genders, under 10\u2009years old, as the MOE is below 10,000, and could fall into the category of the highest public health concern. New risk assessment approaches revealed that HQs were approximately six times higher in adults and five times higher in children, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive risk evaluation that considers multiple sources of AA exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:39:06Z","timestamp":1761824346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classical and New Approaches to Health Risk Assessment of Acrylamide Through the Consumption of Potato Chips"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kiana","family":"Afsari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Food Safety Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Kobarfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Food Safety Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Yazdanpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Oana","family":"Docea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova  Craiova Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Tsitsimpikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Eslamizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristides","family":"Tsatsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Toxicology and Science Applications, Medical School University of Crete  Heraklion Greece"},{"name":"Universidad Ecotec  Samborondon Ecuador"},{"name":"Sechenov IM First State Medical University  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2126428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOCHX.2023.100629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S000380200008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2012.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2021.1914867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2017.1351498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.31083\/ph.2007.1.5064","article-title":"Comparison of Various International Guidlines for Analytical Method Validation","volume":"62","author":"Chandran S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9114150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2018.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/BBB.67.1188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Commission T. 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